Photosynthesis
process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
Cellular respiration
the process of breaking down food to yield energy
Kinetic energy
energy of motion
Potential energy
stored energy
Thermal energy
the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance
Chemical energy
that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
Calorie
unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure
Luminescence
emission of light without heat.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
ADP
A molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of a phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses a phosphate
Aerobic respiration
respiration that requires oxygen
Electron transport chain
series of molecules through which electrons are passed to make ATP
Metabolism
the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
Glycoloysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose. In which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Krebs cycle
a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
ATP synthase
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
Glucose
a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms
Fermentation
the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
series of ATP producing reactions that do not require oxygen
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy which powers the photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
small pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
Stroma
the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Granum
a stack of thylakoids
Epidermis
outermost layer of the skin
Xylem
the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move through plants
Phloem
tissue that conducts synthesized food substances to parts where needed
Stoma
found in the leaves and stem of the plants where gas goes in and out
Light-independent reactions
a chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and other in to glucose
Light-dependent reactions
a chemical reaction which convert light energy into chemical energy in ATP and NADPH
Wavelength
the distance between two points, either peak to peak or the trough to trough of waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
the entire frequency range of electromagnetic radiation
Pigment
it changes the color of a reflected light