transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
nucleotide
monomer of DNA & RNA; monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
base pairing (AT, GC)
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
chromatin
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
histone
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
DNA replication
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
DNA polymerase
enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Avery, DNA
_____ and other scientists discovered that ___ is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.
Hershey, Chase
___ & ___ concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA.
Watson, Crick
___ & ___'s model of DNA was a double helix, in which two strands were wound around each other.
DNA replication, base pairing
During ___ _______, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of ____ _______.
double helix
Each strand of the ____ ____ of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand.
X-ray diffraction
the method that Rosalind Franklin used to study DNA
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
DNA helicase
an organelle that unwinds the double stranded DNA
genes
chemical factors that determine traits
RNA
ribonucleic acid: plays a role in protein synthesis
mRNA
messenger; carry instructions for protein synthesis
tRNA
transfer; carries each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA.
rRNA
ribosomal; main part of protein synthesis
codon
mRNA...A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding aniticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid,
anticodon
tRNA...A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet
transcription
process of transferring a strand of DNA into single stranded mRNA
mutation
a deformity that occurs as a result of a messed up DNA replication sequence
polyploidy
a cell with an extra set of chromosomes
Griffith
contributed bacteria transformation; mice & reactions
Chargaff
came up with the base pair rule
promoter
part of DNA that indicates to enzymes (promotes) where to bind to RNA
exon
sequence of DNA that aids in protein coding
intron
sequence of DNA that does not help with coding of proteins
operon
group of genes that work together
differentiation
process of cells getting specialization for different functions (grouped into tissues)
hox genes
controls cell & tissue differentiation in living embryos
operator
leader of the operons
protein synthesis
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
lac genes
these genes must be expressed in order for the bacterium to be able to use the sugar lactose as a food; lack of them = lactose intolerant?
gene regulation
the process of using operons & certain proteins within DNA & RNA to regulate the replication of genes
eukaryotic genes
controlled individually; about 30 base pairs long;
translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
repressors
turn off lac genes
prescence of lactose
turns on lac genes