3 main types of polysaccharides
Glycogen(animals)
Cellulose(plant)
Starch(plant)
Isomer
Molecules that have the same number and type of atoms arranged differently
Functional Group
the structure of a family of compounds and determine its properties
Reactants place
Start
Products place
Last
Starch
a substance which provides your body with energy
Glycogen
A branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.
Cellulose
that is composed of glucose monomers
Lipids
are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (fats)
Hydrophobic
the fact that nonpolar substances don't combine with water molecules. Water is a polar molecule which means that it carries a partial charge between its atoms.
Triglyceride
a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids, hence the tri- prefix
Hydrogenation
To treat or combine chemically an unsaturated compound with hydrogen
Trans fat
is a specific type of fat formed when liquid fats are made into solid fats by the addition of hydrogen atoms
Steroid
are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings
Protein
A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Peptide Bonds
The covalent bond joining amino acids, particularly at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the concomitant release of a molecule of water
Polypeptide
is a chain of amino acids
DNA
is a type of macromolecule known as a nucleic acid.
RNA
is a molecule consisting of a long linear chain of nucleotide
Nucleotide
one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA
Double Helix
The coiled structure of a double-stranded DNA molecule in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration
3 major parts of amino acids
1. The Amino Group (-NH2)
2. The Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
3. an R Group that differs among the Amino Acids.
Bond formed between amino acid
Peptide bond is the covalent bond formed between
3 major parts of a nucleotide
1. A base - A, T, G or C in terms of DNA and U insted of T in RNA
2. A sugar - deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA
3.A phosphate group
What part of the nucleotide makes the ladder
Phosphate Group
What part of the nucleotide makes the rungs
Nitrogen Base group
Biology
Scientific study of life
7 properties of life
Order, regulation, growth & development, response to environment, reproduction, energy utilization, and evolution
Controlled Experiment
A test where the person conducting the test only chanced one variable at a time to isolate the results
Discovery Science
is a scientific methodology which emphasizes analysis of large volumes of experimental data with the goal of finding new patterns or correlations, leading to hypothesis formation
Inductive Conclusion
is reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion
Scientific Method
consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Hypothesis
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Theory
a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Interdisciplinary
of or relating to more than one branch of knowledge.
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down
4 elements that make up the human body
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Falsifiable
if it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which negates the statement in question
Trace Element
Any various chemical element. Chemical element required in minute quantities
Ionic Bonds
An electron is transferred from one atom to another forming two ions; the newly formed oppositely charged ions are now attracted
Covalent Bonds
Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. Covalent is strong
Hydrogen Bond
Formed BETWEEN water molecules
Polar Covalent Bond
Formed WITHIN water molecules
4 life sustaining properties of water
Water is liquid, polar, resists temperature change, & expands when frozen
Cohesion
is the property that makes water molecules attracted to one another.
Responsible of surface tension. Attracted to water
Adhesion
Attracted to substances
Hydrocarbon
is an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and hydrogens. It is possible for double or triple bonds to form between carbon atoms and even for structures, such as rings, to form.
Monomer
In the molecular world, the small subunits that ultimately link together to form larger molecule
Polymer
are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together.
Macromolecule
When small organic molecules are joined together, giant molecules are produced. These giant molecules are known as macromolecules.
When is dehydration used
reactions involve monomer molecules (like amino acids or simple sugars) bonding to each other. When they bond, an OH and an H (H2O) are removed from them. Because the newly bonded molecule loses water, this is known as dehydration. The upper diagram illus
When is hydrolysis used
reactions involve breaking polymer molecules such as polypeptides (large proteins) or starches into their monomer forms (amino acids and glucose molecules respectively). This can only be done when water is added to each of the bonds between the monmer mol
Monomeric unit of carbohydrate
monosaccharides