350
When you were born, your skeleton had around ___ bones.
206
By the time you become an adult, your skeleton will only have around ___ bones because as you grow, some of the bones join together to form one bone.
joints
Our bones don't simply worl on their own. The bones join together to form ___.
cartilage
The end of each bone is covered by a tough, smooth, shiny substance called ___.
synovial fluid
The cartilage-coated bone ends are kept apart by a thin film of slippery ___ that works like oil in a car.
ligaments
Our bones are held together by strong stretchy bands called ___.
Tendons
___ attach our bones to muscles.
Bone
___ is a rigid connective tissue tha provides a system of levers upon which the muscles act to produce body movements.
collagen fibers; proteoglycans; minerals
The rigid extracellular matrix of bone consists of: ___- give flexible strength to bone; ___- large sugars that retain large amounts of water; ___- gives strength to bone (a: calcium, b: phosphate).
Osteoblasts; osteoclasts; osteocytes
The cells of the bone include: ___- cells that form bone; ___- cells that break down bone; ___- mature osteoblasts that remain within bone.
long bones; short bones; irregular bones
Bones can be classified according to their shape as: ___- the arm and leg bones; ___- the wrist and ankle bones; ___- the vertebral bones
epiphysis; diaphysis; periosteum
The structure of a long bone consists of: ___- the expanded ends of a bone that form a joint with another bone; ___- the shaft of the bone; ___- the tough covering of the bone.
compact bone; cancellous/spongy bone
___- the solid bone underneath the periosteum; ___- porous bone that supplies the greatest amount of compressional strength. It is located within the epiphysis.
Medullary canal
Long bones also contain the following: ___- the hollow chamber of the diaphysis that is continuous with the spongy bone.
bone marrow; yellow marrow; red marrow
___- specialized connective tissue. A:___- the marrow within the medullary canal that functions in fat storage. B:___- the marrow within the spongy bone that functions in blood cell production
Compact Bone
1: It forms the diaphysis of long bones and the thinner surface of other bones. 2: It is composed of thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae organized into concentric rings. 3: Osteocytes are located between the lamellae within lacunae. 4: Tin
Spongy Bone
1: It is located in the epiphysis of long bones and forms the center of all other bones. 2: It consists of delicate plates of bone called trabeculae, each consisting of several lamellae with osteocytes within the lamellae. 3: The trabeculae add strength t
Ossification; calcium minerals
Bone formation: 1:___- the process of bones formation by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 2: ___ must be present in the blood for ossification to take place. 3: Ossification involves the making of an organic matrix containing collagen and prot
intramembranous ossification; endochondral ossification
There are 2 types of ossification: ___- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce in connective tissue membranes. Example: primarily in the bones of the skull; ___- ossification that occurs inside cartilage models that have the same general shape as the ma
intramembranous ossification
A closer look at ___: 1: This type of ossification begins at ossification centers located within each flat skull bone. 2: Trabeculae radiate outwardly from these centers until fusion of the flat bones occurs.
endrochondral ossification; primary ossification center; secondary ossification center; epiphyseal plate
A closer look at ___: 1: The future bone first forms as a cartilage model. 2: Calcified cartilage is formed as chondrocytes enlarge and die and the cartilage matrix is mineralized. A periosteum develops around the bone, and osteoblasts begin producing a c
appositional growth; endochondral growth
Bone growth involves two processes: 1: ___- growth that results in an increase in diameter as osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone. 2: ___- growth that occurs in the epiphyseal plates resulti
foramen
a hole in a bone
meatus
an elongated tunnel-like passage through a bone (i.e. canal)
fossa
a depression in a bone
tuberosity
a lump on a bone
process
a projection from a bone; usually the site for muscle attachment
condyle
the smooth, articulated surface of a bone where it forms a joint
Bones (skeleton); Joints; Cartilages; Ligaments
What are the major components of the skeletal system?
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
The skeleton is divided into what 2 divisions?
Support; Protection; Movement due to attached skeletal muscles; Storage; Blood cell formation
What are the functions of the bones?
homogeneous; Spongy bone
Compact bone is ___; ___: small needle-like pieces of bone. Many open spaces
long bones
Typically longer than wide; have a shaft with heads at both ends; contain mostly compact bone. Examples: femur, humerus
short bones
Generally cube-shape; contain mostly spongy bone. Examples: carpals, tarsals
flat bones
Thin and flattened; Usually curved; Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone. Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
irregular bones
Irregular shape; Do not fit into other bone classification categories. Example: Vertebrae and hip
diaphysis; epiphysis; periosteum; Sharpey's fibers; arteries; articular cartilage; medullary cavity
(Gross Anatomy of a long bone) ___- Shaft; Composed of compact bone; ___- Ends of the bone; Composed mostly of the spongy bone; ___- Outside covering of the diaphysis; Fibrous connective tissue membrane; ___- Secure periosteum underlying bone; ___- supply
bone markings; projections and processes; Depressions or cavities
Surface features of bones; Sites of attachments for muscle, tendons, and ligaments; Passage for nerves and blood vessels. Categories of bone markings: ___- grow out from the bone surface; ___- indentations
osteon (Haversian system); central (haversian) canal; Perforating (Volkman's) canal; lacunae; lamellae; canaliculi
(Microscopic Anatomy of a Bone) ___- a unit bone; ___- Opening in the center of an osteon; Carries blood vessels and nerves; ___- Canal perpendicular to the central canal; Carries blood vessels and nerves; ___- Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes);