Bio. Ch. 6 Part 1

350

When you were born, your skeleton had around ___ bones.

206

By the time you become an adult, your skeleton will only have around ___ bones because as you grow, some of the bones join together to form one bone.

joints

Our bones don't simply worl on their own. The bones join together to form ___.

cartilage

The end of each bone is covered by a tough, smooth, shiny substance called ___.

synovial fluid

The cartilage-coated bone ends are kept apart by a thin film of slippery ___ that works like oil in a car.

ligaments

Our bones are held together by strong stretchy bands called ___.

Tendons

___ attach our bones to muscles.

Bone

___ is a rigid connective tissue tha provides a system of levers upon which the muscles act to produce body movements.

collagen fibers; proteoglycans; minerals

The rigid extracellular matrix of bone consists of: ___- give flexible strength to bone; ___- large sugars that retain large amounts of water; ___- gives strength to bone (a: calcium, b: phosphate).

Osteoblasts; osteoclasts; osteocytes

The cells of the bone include: ___- cells that form bone; ___- cells that break down bone; ___- mature osteoblasts that remain within bone.

long bones; short bones; irregular bones

Bones can be classified according to their shape as: ___- the arm and leg bones; ___- the wrist and ankle bones; ___- the vertebral bones

epiphysis; diaphysis; periosteum

The structure of a long bone consists of: ___- the expanded ends of a bone that form a joint with another bone; ___- the shaft of the bone; ___- the tough covering of the bone.

compact bone; cancellous/spongy bone

___- the solid bone underneath the periosteum; ___- porous bone that supplies the greatest amount of compressional strength. It is located within the epiphysis.

Medullary canal

Long bones also contain the following: ___- the hollow chamber of the diaphysis that is continuous with the spongy bone.

bone marrow; yellow marrow; red marrow

___- specialized connective tissue. A:___- the marrow within the medullary canal that functions in fat storage. B:___- the marrow within the spongy bone that functions in blood cell production

Compact Bone

1: It forms the diaphysis of long bones and the thinner surface of other bones. 2: It is composed of thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae organized into concentric rings. 3: Osteocytes are located between the lamellae within lacunae. 4: Tin

Spongy Bone

1: It is located in the epiphysis of long bones and forms the center of all other bones. 2: It consists of delicate plates of bone called trabeculae, each consisting of several lamellae with osteocytes within the lamellae. 3: The trabeculae add strength t

Ossification; calcium minerals

Bone formation: 1:___- the process of bones formation by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 2: ___ must be present in the blood for ossification to take place. 3: Ossification involves the making of an organic matrix containing collagen and prot

intramembranous ossification; endochondral ossification

There are 2 types of ossification: ___- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce in connective tissue membranes. Example: primarily in the bones of the skull; ___- ossification that occurs inside cartilage models that have the same general shape as the ma

intramembranous ossification

A closer look at ___: 1: This type of ossification begins at ossification centers located within each flat skull bone. 2: Trabeculae radiate outwardly from these centers until fusion of the flat bones occurs.

endrochondral ossification; primary ossification center; secondary ossification center; epiphyseal plate

A closer look at ___: 1: The future bone first forms as a cartilage model. 2: Calcified cartilage is formed as chondrocytes enlarge and die and the cartilage matrix is mineralized. A periosteum develops around the bone, and osteoblasts begin producing a c

appositional growth; endochondral growth

Bone growth involves two processes: 1: ___- growth that results in an increase in diameter as osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone. 2: ___- growth that occurs in the epiphyseal plates resulti

foramen

a hole in a bone

meatus

an elongated tunnel-like passage through a bone (i.e. canal)

fossa

a depression in a bone

tuberosity

a lump on a bone

process

a projection from a bone; usually the site for muscle attachment

condyle

the smooth, articulated surface of a bone where it forms a joint

Bones (skeleton); Joints; Cartilages; Ligaments

What are the major components of the skeletal system?

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

The skeleton is divided into what 2 divisions?

Support; Protection; Movement due to attached skeletal muscles; Storage; Blood cell formation

What are the functions of the bones?

homogeneous; Spongy bone

Compact bone is ___; ___: small needle-like pieces of bone. Many open spaces

long bones

Typically longer than wide; have a shaft with heads at both ends; contain mostly compact bone. Examples: femur, humerus

short bones

Generally cube-shape; contain mostly spongy bone. Examples: carpals, tarsals

flat bones

Thin and flattened; Usually curved; Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone. Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

irregular bones

Irregular shape; Do not fit into other bone classification categories. Example: Vertebrae and hip

diaphysis; epiphysis; periosteum; Sharpey's fibers; arteries; articular cartilage; medullary cavity

(Gross Anatomy of a long bone) ___- Shaft; Composed of compact bone; ___- Ends of the bone; Composed mostly of the spongy bone; ___- Outside covering of the diaphysis; Fibrous connective tissue membrane; ___- Secure periosteum underlying bone; ___- supply

bone markings; projections and processes; Depressions or cavities

Surface features of bones; Sites of attachments for muscle, tendons, and ligaments; Passage for nerves and blood vessels. Categories of bone markings: ___- grow out from the bone surface; ___- indentations

osteon (Haversian system); central (haversian) canal; Perforating (Volkman's) canal; lacunae; lamellae; canaliculi

(Microscopic Anatomy of a Bone) ___- a unit bone; ___- Opening in the center of an osteon; Carries blood vessels and nerves; ___- Canal perpendicular to the central canal; Carries blood vessels and nerves; ___- Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes);