Algae are the source for
iodine
Two species living on either sides of the grand canyon used to be one population. But now having been separated for thousands of years are a good example of
allopatric speciation
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis
haploid spores
plants that have leaves arranged in a rosette
have greatly shortened internodes
Approximately when did plants first move onto land?
470 million years ago
This moss grows in bogs and it remains and it retains up to 20x its weight in water
sphagnum
A bryophyte capsule is really a type of
sporangium
More complicated/advanced land plants tend to have
a larger sporophyte
Macroevolution
large scale phenotypic changes in population- species level and higher
evolutionary novelties
large phenotypic changes such as the appearance of jointed limbs
Speciation
evolution of a new species- occurs when a population become reproductively isolated from other populations and their gene pools separate/diverge
Allopatric speciation
occurs when one population becomes geographically isolated from others of the species
sympatric speciation
occurs when populations in the same geographic range are isolated by another factor like reproduction or temperature
gradualism
slow and steady change
punctuated equilibrium
short periods of rapid change
preadaptation
variations of pre existing structures that originally fulfilled one role but were then adapted for another
microevolution
relatively small generation to generation changes within a population
nonrandom mating
sexual selection- selecting mate based on look, sound, etc
mutation
creates a new allele
genetic drift
When a population is small alleles can be lost by chance
bottleneck
a population rapidly and severely decreasing due to disease or sudden environmental change
founder effect
when a few individuals from a large population find a new colony- don't always represent the genetic diversity of where they came from
gene flow
every once in a while a new gene will come in and alter the gene frequency
Directional natural selection
When a specific trait is selected for, shifting the all frequencies in a population
stabilizing selection
selects against phenotypic extremes- favors average
disruptive selection
extreme changes in the environment favor two or more different phenotypes- selecting against the average
sporophyte
diploid multicellular phase- produces spores
Gametophyte
haploid multicellular phase- produces gametes
cocolithopores
sometimes scales accumulate under water to make chalk
dinoflagellates
two flagella- one around middle- cause red tides
xylem
transports water and nutrients up the plant
phloem
transports sugars where they are needed
strobili
clustered sporangia on reproductive leaves on club mosses
microphylls
leaves originated as outgrowths of stem tissue that developed a single vascular strand later
megaphyll
true leaves- evolved from side branches
sporophyll
spore bearing leaf
homospory
all spores are the same and each spore produces a gametophyte that has archegonia and antheridia
heterospory
where two types of spores are produced
megaspores
produces megagametophytes with arcegonia
microspores
produces microgametophytes with antheridia
gymnosperms
seeds are totally exposed or born on the scales of cones
Angiosperms
flowering plants that produce seeds within a mature ovary (fruit)
proliferation
cell divisions, occur in specific areas called meristems
abcission zone
point on plant where leaf breaks off
When a plant is said to be an embryophyte that means
retains the young sporophyte on the gametophyte
Vascular tissue is a feature of the
sporophyte
an above ground lateral stem is called a
stolon
What cells are able to undergo mitosis
both haploid and diploid
which of the following is most likely to lead to shellfish poisoning
dinoflagellates
two of the first adaptations needed for plants to live on the land were
epidermis and cuticle
this feature is unique to and shared by all of the eukaryotes
mitochondria
A cellular extension of the plant body to draw in water and minerals is a
rhizoid
Some plants have abnormally large bundle sheath cells in their leaves, these C4 plants use the cells for
photosynthesis with high CO2 levels
which algal group are microscopic algae with cell walls made of silica/glass
diatoms
A major way that algae and plants differ from animals in that they commonly have
multicellular haploid phases