oxygen
What is required for the final steps of cellular respiration?
aerobic
Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are
oxygen, second stage, Krebs
In the presence of ___________ , pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the _____________ ______________ of cellular respiration, the __________ cycle.
pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
What happens during the Krebs cycle?
pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrian.
The Krebs cycle begins when
removed, forming Co2, and electrons are removed, changing NAD+ to NADH
Step two of the Krebs Cycle is when one carbon molecule is
coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule, forming acetyl-CoA.
Step three of the Krebs cycle is when
acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound, forming citric acid
Step four of the Krebs cycle is when
citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound, then into a 4-carbon compound.
Step five of the Krebs cycle is when
Two more molecules of CO2 are released and electrons join NAD+ and FAD , forming NADH and FADH2
Step six of the Krebs cycle is when
4NADH, 1 FADH2, 1ATP
The energy tally from one molecule of pyruvic acid is
oxygen, ATP
In the presence of _____________ those high-energy electrons can be used to generate huge amounts of _____.
Krebs cycle, ADP
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the ______________ ____________ to convert ________ to ATP.
High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2.
What are passed along the electron transport chain from one carrier protein to the next?
an enzyme combines these high-energy electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water
What happens at the end of the electron transport chain?
oxygen, hydrogen ions
As the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, _________ gets rid of the low energy electrons and ______________ __________.
electron transport chain, hydrogen
When 2 high-energy electrons move down the __________ ______________ ________, their energy is used to move ___________ ions (H+) across the membrane.
positive, H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space
During electron transport, what charge does the intermembrane space have, and why?
negatively
The other side of the membrane, from which those H+ ions are taken, is now ________________ charged.
protein spheres called ATP synthase
The inner membrane of the mitochondria contain
ATP synthase
As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins the _______ ___________ spins.
phosphate, ATP
As ATP synthase rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP, attaching a __________, forming high-energy ________ .
electrons,three, ATP, ADP
On average each pair of high-energy _________ that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to produce ____________ molecules of ________ from _________.
2
How many ATP molecules does glycolysis produce per molecule of glucose?
36
The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of how many molecules of ATP?
opposite
The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in ____________ directions.