Biology Unit 1 Exam

What are the five chacteristics of life?

Organization
Energy use
Maintenance of internal constancy
Reproduction, growth and development
Evolution

What is homeostasis?

The process in which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal constancy, or equilibrium

What are the three domains of taxonomic organization?

Domain bacteria (prokaryotic, most are unicellular)
Domain Archaea (prokaryotic, most are unicellular)
Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular)
(Protista, animilia, fungi, plantae)

How many electrons are in the first 3 levels of an atom?

18

How do the electrons determine bonding sites?

Electronegativity

What are the different types of bonding sites?

Chemical bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
-Polar covalent bond
-Non-polar covalent bond
Hydrogen bond

What is meant by the atomic number?

The atomic number is the number of protons in a nucleus

What is meant by a stable atom?

An atom is most stable when it's valence shell is full. They are chemically unreactive because their outermost shells are full. They exist in nature without combining with other atoms.
I.g. Helium (He) and Neon (Ne)

How may a non-stable atom become stable?

A non-stable atom may become stable if it's valence shell "vacancies" fill
I.g. Chlorine (Cl) only has one electron vacancy, making it easy to become stable

What is the difference between ionic, non-polar, polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds?

An ionic bond results from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges. (Sodium chloride NaCl)
In a covalent bond two atoms share electrons. (Methane CH4)
-a polar covalent bond is a lopsided Union in which one nucleus a much stronger

What is meant by the following properties of water and how do they affect biology?
1)high surface tension
2)resistance to temperature change
3)high heat of evaporation
4)cohesion and adhesion
5)freezing (ice floating)
6)versatile solvents

1)water has a high surface tension because of cohesion. With it water would just evaporate in most locations.
2)when molecules absorb energy, they tend to move faster. Waters hydrogen bonds tend to counter this molecular moment; as a result, more heat is

What is the purpose, composition and an example of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen often in the proportion 1:2:1 and consist of simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates.
I.g. Glucose c6h12o6
Monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrates usua

What is the purpose, composition and an example of lipids?

Lipids are organic compounds that do not dissolve in water because they are hydrophobic (non-polar)
Lipids are comprised of triglycerides, sterols, waxes and phospholipid. (Hydrogen and carbon)
Lipids play an important role in the storing of energy and ce

What is the purpose, composition and an example of proteins?

Proteins are chains of monomers called amino acids. Every amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms.
1)is a hydrogen atom 2) is a carboxyl group 3)is an amino group (-NH2) 4)is a R group or side chain
20 different

What is the purpose, composition and an example of Nucleic acids?

A Nucleic acid is a polymer consisting of monomers called nucleotides. They are comprised of DNA and RNA and store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation of offspring.

What is a sugar composed of?

A sugar is composed of disaccharides, which is two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis.
I.g. Glucose(blood sugar) and fructose(fruit sugar) bonded

What is a triglyceride?

Consist of three long hydro-carbon chains called fatty acids bonded with glycerol (a three-carbon molecule that forms the triglycerides back-bone. They can either be saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated fatty acids contains all the hydrogens it possibly ca

What are the differences between fats and oils?

Fats are known as saturated fatty acids such as, butter and bacon fat. They are very unhealthy
Oils are known as unsaturated fatty acids such as olive oil, which is more healthy than its counterpart.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Proteins? And Nucleic acid?

Carbohydrates = monosaccharides
Proteins = amino acids
Nucleic acid = nucleotides

What is meant by saturated and unsaturated fats and oils? Cis/trans fats?

Saturated fatty acids contains all the hydrogens it possibly can. Each carbon has two hydrogens (fats, solid at room temperature, unhealthy, straight tails due to double bonds)
Unsaturated fatty acids has at least one double bond between carbon atoms. (Oi

Explain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures. How do they influence each other?

Protein Folding*
Primary structure is an amino acid sequence of polypeptides
Secondary structures are localized areas of coils; sheets; and loops within a poly peptide
Tertiary structure is the overall shape of one polypeptide, and
Quaternary structure is

What is a peptide bond?

Formed during dehydration synthesis, is a covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor, bringing two amino acids together

What are two types of Nucleic acids?

DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA-ribonucleic acid

What three major components make up a nucleotide?

Monomers that consists of three components; at the center is a five-carbon sugar-ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. Attached to one of the sugars carbon atoms is at least one phosphate group. Attached to the opposite side of a sugar is a nitrogenous ba

What is meant by a condensation(dehydration) reaction? And a hydrolysis reaction?

The book gives a very broad understanding of what a dehydration molecule is. A dehydration molecule is the loss of a water molecule which (can connect) two monomers forming a polymer. The lost molecule being h2o is dehydration synthesis. The process of de

What are the bonds between carbohydrate monomers? And nucleotides?

Carbohydrate monomers (monosaccharides) use a glycosidic bond, which can be both polar and non polar depending on the number of electrons, and the electronegative charge in the outermost valence shell.
Nucleotide monomers (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)

Functional groups from the video lecture?

Group that attaches to one or more carbons (replaces a H) and changes the molecules chemical properties
When one or more functional groups are attached to a carbon skeleton, the nature and shape of the functional group determines most of the chemical beha

What functional groups are always found in proteins?

Every amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms.
1)is a hydrogen atom 2) is a carboxyl group 3)is an amino group (-NH2) 4)is a R group or side chain
20 different types of amino acids such as glycine, cysteine, and

What is a compound?

A Molecule composed of two or more different elements

What is a element?

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

What is a proton?

Subatomic particle of an atom that carries a positive charge

What is a atom?

The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element)

What is a molecule?

A group of joined atoms

What is a electron?

Subatomic particle of an atom that carries a negative charge

What is a neutron

Subatomic particle of an atom that carries a neutral charge

What is an atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus

What is energy level?

Electron orbitals exist in the energy shell: a group of orbitals that share the same energy level

What is a bonding site?

Site in the valence shell where electrons bond with other elements

What is an ion?

An atom or group of atoms that have gained or lost electrons and therefor has a net positive or negative charge.

What is electronegativity?

An atoms ability to attract electrons. (Bottom left has the lowest electronegativity, top right has the highest electronegativity)

What does hydrophilic mean?

Substances are either polar or charged so they readily dissolve in water. (Water loving)

What does hydrophobic mean?

Non polar molecules made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, such as fats and oils, do not dissolve in water, or form hydrogen bonds with water. (Water fearing)

What is a monomer?

Chains of small molecular subunits

What is a polymer?

Made up of monomers that are linked together

What is glucose?

Glucose is a carbohydrate in the category of sugars or simple carbohydrates and is known as a monosaccharide. Written as c6h12o2

What is a monosaccharide?

The smallest carbohydrates, usually containing five to six carbon atoms

What is a polysaccharide?

Is two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

What is starch?

Starch is a polysaccharide which is similar to glycogen and acts as a storage molecule that readily readily breaks down into glucose monomers when cells need a burst of energy.

What is cellulose?

Cellulose is a polysaccharide which forms part of a plants cell wall. Multiple cellulose molecules, held together along their length by hydrogen bonds, align side by side to form strong fibrils. Aka fiber, which is not digested by humans

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

Aka DNA is a Nucleic acid that forms a double helix that resembles a spiral stair case. Alternating sugars and phosphates form the rails of the stair case and the nitrogenous base forms the rungs. DNAs main function is to store genetic information

What is a ribose?

5 carbon sugar in RNA

What is a deoxyribose?

5 carbon sugar in DNA

What is ribonuclic acid?

Aka RNA, single stranded. RNA enables cells to use protein-encoding information on DNA

What is a buffer?

Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes

What is a peptide bond?

Formed during dehydration synthesis, is a covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor, bringing two amino acids together

What is a triglyceride?

Consist of three long hydro-carbon chains called fatty acids bonded with glycerol (a three-carbon molecule that forms the triglycerides back-bone. They can either be saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated fatty acids contains all the hydrogens it possibly ca

What is desaturation?

Open bonding sites

What is a solution?

Consists of one or more salutes dissolved in a liquid solvent

What is a solvent?

A chemical in which other substances called solute so dissolve

What is matter?

Any material that takes up space

What is energy?

In science it is the ability to do work

What are bulk elements?

Elements that are required in the largest amounts because they make up the vast majority of every living cell

What are trace elements?

Elements that are required in small amounts

What are minerals?

Essential elements other than Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)

What is glycogen?

Glycogen is similar to starch, it acts as storage molecules that are readily available when glucose monomers need energy. Glycogen in humans is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

What are the characteristics, similarities and differences, and domains of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are found in the domain bacteria and archaea.
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane organelles and are found in the domain Eukarya

What is the cell theory?

Original theory for determining what was a living cell; initially had 2 major components: all organisms are made of one or more cells, and the cell is the fundamental unit of all life.

What is a cytoplasm? What is it found in?

All cells contain cytoplasm, the fluid that occupies much of the volume of the cell.

What is a cell membrane?What is it found in?

All cells have a cell membrane, which forms a boundary between the cell and its environment

What is a nucleus? What is it found in?

The most prominent organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. The nucleus contains DNA.

What are ribosomes? What are they found in?

All cells have ribosomes, which are the structures that manufacture proteins.

What is mitochondria? What is it found in?

Found in most eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are organelles that use a process called cellular respiration to extract needed energy from food.

What is a cell wall? What is it found in?

Found a most bacteria (prokaryotes), the cell membrane protects the cell and prevents it from bursting if it absorbs to much water.

What are lysosomes? What are they found in?

Found in eukaryotic cells, lysosomes are organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn out-organelles, and debris.

What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? What is it found in?

Found in eukaryotic cells , ER is a network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes

What is the Golgi apparatus? What is it found in?

The Golgi apparatus is found in eukaryotic organelles, this organelle is a stack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center.

What are intermediate filaments? What are they found in?

Part of the cytoskeleton found in eukaryotic cells, intermediate filaments are found in between micro filaments and micro tubules. They are made of a single protein and maintain a cells shape by forming an internal scaffold in the cytoplasm, they also hel

What is a cytoskeleton? What is it found in?

Eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeleton which is an intricate network of protein "tracks" and tubules. It is a transportation system and provides structural support for a cells three dimensional shape.

What is a Cristae? What is it found in?

Found in eukaryotic cells, Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane. They add tremendous surface area to the inner membrane, which houses the enzymes that catalyze the reaction of cellular respiration

What are Peroxisomes? What are they found in?

All eukaryotic cells contain Peroxisomes, which are organelles that contain several types of enzymes that dispose of toxic substances. They originate in the ER not the Golgi.

What is fluid mosaic? What is it found in?

Cell membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers, sterols, proteins, and other molecules. Cell membranes are known as fluid mosaics because many of the proteins and phospholipids are free to move laterally within the bilayer

What is a endomembrane system? What is it found in?

Consists of several interacting organelles:the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane

What is a chloroplast? What is it found in?

Found in plants, not animals, chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.

What are flagella? What are they found in?

Less numerous than cilia but longer

What is cilia? What is it found in?

Similar to flagella, cilia help to move cells in eukaryotic organisms. They are short and numerous unlike flagella.

What is a vesicles? What is it found in?

Found in plants vesicles transport material inside a cell. (vacuoles) contain a watery solution of enzymes that degrade and recycle molecules and organelles

What is a Nuclelous? What is it found in?

Inside the nucleus, the Nuclelous is a dense spot that assembles components of ribosomes.

What are microtubules? What are they found in?

Composed of proteins called Tubulidentata, assembled into a hollow tube 23 nanometers in diameter found in flagellum