the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversion, some energy is...
lost in the form of heat
the transfer of ______ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction
electrons
in cellular respiration, glucose becomes ______ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms)
oxidized
in cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ______ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose
reduced
in cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as ______ picks up electrons and H and becomes reduced to NADH
NAD+
NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, ______
oxygen
the energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make ______
ATP
a molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction ______
loses electrons and loses energy
oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because...
these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
how many NADH are produce by glycolysis?
2
in glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by ______
substrate-level phosphorylation
list the products of glycolysis
water, NADH+, ATP, and pyruvate
in glycolysis, wat starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
in glycolysis there is a net gain of ______ ATP
2
after glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle...
pyruvate is oxidized
what enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
in the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by ______.
substrate-level phosphorylation
list the products of the citric acid cycle
FADH2, CO2, ATP, and NADH + H+
a scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes?
mitochondrial matrix
the end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except...
A) CO2
B) ATP
C) pyruvate
D) FADH2
C) pyruvate
which part(s) of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria?
the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
what is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
oxygen accepts high-neergy electrons after they are stripped from glucose
cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: 1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and 2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of ______, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP m
the citric acid cycle... electron transport
NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces ______ ATP molecules per NADH molecules and ______ ATP molecules per FADH2 molecule
three... two
in electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to...
transport protons into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP
for each glucose that enters glycolysis, ______ NADH enter the electron transport chain
10
in cellular respiration, most ATP are produced by ______
oxidative phosphorylation
the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______
oxygen
during electron transport, energy from ______ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the ______
NADH and FADH2... intermembrane space
the proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is...
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to...
pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane
in muscle cells, fermentation produces ______
lactate and NAD+
in fermentation, ______ is ______.
NADH... oxidized
bacteria tat are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called ______
obligate anaerobes
to obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by...
hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose
during cellular respiration, electrons move through series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
A) the electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to ano
D) molecular oxygen is reduced wen it accepts electrons and forms water