Core Dimensions
(Carkhuff, Truax, and Mitchell) Effective counselors have these particular, distinctive qualities: authenticity, positive regard/acceptance, and accurate empathic understanding (a.k.a "human relations core")
social influence core
expertise, attractiveness, trustworthiness
Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses
4 point scale for rating helper responses:
1 - does not attend to client needs; may scold/discredit
2 - superficial; deals with surface feelings
3 - facilitates growth; deals with surface feelings but is not distorted
4 - goes beyond reflection and deals
Transtheoretical Model of Change
(Prochaska) 1. precontemplation, 2. contemplation, 3. preparation, 4. action, 5. maintenance
Carkhuff's Scale for Assessing Facilitative Interpersonal Counseling
a 5-pt scale which helps measure facilitative qualities demonstrated by counselors. On this scale, a 5 indicates the highest quality level possible. A score of 3 is the minimum acceptable level.
Microcounseling Skills Approach
Ivey & Authier (1978) formulated one of the first communications skills models to be applied to the counseling profession
SUDS
Subjective units of distress scale; used in systematic desensitization
parapraxis
an action in which one's conscious intention is not fully carried out, as in the mislaying of objects, slips of the tongue and pen
Josef Breuer
Physician who became Freud's close friend and coauthored Studies on Hysteria. He was the first to use the "talking cure" while treating hysteria (introducing notion of catharsis), which later evolved into Freud's technique of free association.
Daniel Schreber
mental patient who wrote a book about his delusions, to which Freud wrote a book about homosexual unconscious issues
Basic mistakes
(Adlerian) Faulty, self-defeating perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that may have been appropriate at one time but are no longer useful. These are myths that are influential in shaping personality.
Overcompensation
exaggerated attempts by individuals to overcome their feelings of inferiority by acting as though they are personally superior to others
Asking "the question
(Adler) Asking client, "How would life be different if this problem were solved?
Spitting in the client's soup
(Adler) A technique that reduces the usefulness of a clients manipulative behavior by pointing out the manipulation of therapist actively defeats the clients anticipated results of the manipulation
catching oneself
(adlerian) client becoming aware of self-destructive behavior, irrational thoughts, and anticipation of events before they happen
acting "as if
Adlerian Therapy. This is a form of encouraging and motivating clients to be the way they desire to be, acting as if the transition has already occurred.
paradox
(Adler) acting in an exaggerated way regarding a feared behavior or event; Adler was first to introduce this technique
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history (called archetypes)
Mandala
(Jung) concentric circular designs, to represent the relationship between self, clients, and dreams; symbolizes self-unification
social interest
in Adler's theory, a sense of solidarity and identification with other people
Erich Fromm
his theory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring
Otto Rank
Focused on the separation anxiety that develops upon birth. He coined the term birth trauma and felt that individuals experiences a primal anxiety, in which they wish to return to the security of the womb where gratification was effortless and provided wi
Harry Stack Sullivan
interpersonal psychoanalysis; groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System, a configuration of personality traits
Protaxic
Infancy; the infant has no concept of time and place.
Parataxic
early childhood; child accepts what is without questioning or evaluating and reacts on unrealistic basis
Syntaxic
Syntaxic: begins to appear in school-aged children and becomes more predominant in preadolescence; the person begins to perceive himself or herself and the world within the context of the environment and can analyze experiences in a variety of settings
Karen Horney
neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety
basic anxiety
Horney's theory of the deep-seated form of anxiety in children that is associated with feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world perceived as potentially threatening and hostile
third force psychology
Existential / Humanistic Theories that are in opposition to Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism
Associationism
the theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions (Locke, Hume, Aristotle)
Being-in-the-world
(existential concept) the unique way the client experiences self and the world and gives direction to life
umwelt
Pattern of being-in-the-world in which behaviors are grounded in the physical: human biology (sleeping, eating, sex) and aiming at biological survival and satisfaction
mitwelt
existential term meaning the relationship; seeking to alleviate feelings of loneliness and to enrich life
Eigenwelt
The unique presence in human beings of self-awareness and self-relatedness
Phenomenology
the study of perceptual experience in its purely subjective aspect; argues that the basis of psychology should be the scientific study of immediate experience
Ontology
this philosophy seeks to explain the nature of being or reality or ultimate substance (stands opposed to phenomenology)
Rollo May
credited with developing existential psychotherapy in the US. Emphasized each person's individuality and need for counselor to separate himself/herself from preconceived diagnostic categories in attempting to understand & treat the patient.
Victor Frankl
Father of Logotherapy, existential form of treatment which focuses on healing through meaning.
paradoxical intention
A technique described by Frankl in which the client is told to consciously attempt to perform the very behavior or response that is the object of anxiety or concern. The paradox is that the person will usually be unable to do what he or she fears doing wh
Dereflection
redirecting the attention away from the self, thinking about others rather than themselves; stop thinking of self as diagnosis and instead working towards the search for meaning.
Existential Frustration
discomfort and frustration coming from the inability to find meaning in one's life
existential vacuum
feeling of ultimate and total meaninglessness in one's life; inner emptiness that the client feels with neurosis
noology
Frankl's term for the study of that which is uniquely human
noogenic neurosis
existentialism, the frustration of the will-to-meaning
Zeigarnik effect
The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.
phony layer
not authentic, playing games, playing roles, following stereotypes
phobic layer
the mode of avoiding the emotional pain that comes with recognizing one's real self
impasse layer
a stage of helplessness, "stuckness" and confusion about how to proceed; feeling unable to trust inner resources; sense of deadness
implosive layer
(gestalt) stage at which we allow ourselves to fully experience our deadness or inauthentic ways in order to make contact with our own genuine self
explosive layer
the mode of releasing the pretenses of phony roles in order to achieve a sense of relief and release
Unfinished Business
Unexpressed feelings (such as resentment, guilt, anger, grief) dating back to childhood that now interfere with effective psychological functioning; needless emotional debris that clutters present-centered awareness.
Channels of Resistance
Gestalt term for ego defense mechanisms; prevent effective contact with the environment (without losing one's sense of individuality)
Introjection
(gestalt "channel of resistance") acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without analyzing, assimilating and internalizing them
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (channel of resistance)
confluence
blurring together of self and environment; blending in to the point that there is no clear line between outer reality and inner experience (Gestalt channel of resistance)
deflection
using humor, abstract generalizations, and questions rather than statements as distraction so that a sustained sense of contact is avoided
Making the rounds
(Gestalt) In group work, members listen to the person in the hot seat say something about each member. members might give feedback in return.
Rehearsal Exercise
-Encourages clients to share their mental rehearsals out loud with their therapist
-This helps them
1. Become aware of the fact that they try to meet the expectations of others
2. The degree to which they want to be approved, accepted, and liked
3. The ex
organismic theorist
a theorist who views developmental changes as qualitative (not empiricist; not quantitative); Fritz Perls is an example
I'm Not OK--You're Ok
is generally self-abusive, generally engages in self-mutilation, is generally suicidal. A self-abusive person is sometimes known as a "masochistic personality" in the literature (fixation in infancy)
I'm Not Ok--You're Not Ok
A person who is very withdrawn, can't help themselves and feels no one else can help them
I'm Ok--You're Not Ok
these people have a positive self-image, but see everyone else as the enemy; paranoid position
I'm Ok, You're Ok
these people have formed a self-concept, are acknowledged as individuals, and have positive self-identity as well as positive image of others
Parent
(TA) made up of admonitions, values, instructions, attitudes and behavior handed down from parents or authority figures (a.k.a exteropsyche)
Adult
(TA) objective, logical, deals with reality; assimilates and evaluates based on facts; keeps Parent and Child ego states in balance
Child
(TA) source of childlike behaviors (also called "archaeopsyche"); includes Adapted, Natural, and Little Professor
Games
(TA) a series of stereotyped and predictable pattens of behavior that end with surprise bad feelings for at least one player; prevent intimacy
Rackets
(TA) a habitual feeling that is clung to after a game (e.g., depression, guilt, anger)
Collecting Trading Stamps
in Transactional Analysis, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.
Life scripts
Personal Life Plans born out of early decisions about self, others and the world
parental injunctions
messages, both verbal and nonverbal and usually negative, that let a child know what to do to gain recognition
early decisions
(TA) conclusions about self and life reached by age 5 aimed at survival, recognition, and attention; games are formulated to support these
stroking
any recognition, whether positive, negative, conditional, or unconditional
complementary transaction
(TA) vectors of communication run parallel; a healthy communication transaction (e.g. I send a message form my adult to your child and get a response from you child to my adult)
crossed transaction
occur when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel (e.g. I send a message from my adult to your adult and you respond from your adult to my child)
ulterior transaction
when a disguised message is sent; 2 or more ego states are operating at the same time
Karpman Drama Triangle
Persecutor, Victim, Rescuer
reciprocal inhibition
the presence of one emotional state can inhibit the occurrence of another, such as joy preventing fear or anxiety inhibiting pleasure (principle that systematic desensitization harnesses: one cannot be relaxed and afraid at same time)
implosive therapy
an exposure technique in which clients are helped to imagine being kept in a feared but harmless situation
Reflex Therapy
Developed by Andrew Salter; holds that inhibitions cause psychological problems, so focus is to remove those inhibitions through reconditioning via verbal expression of emotions
behavioral rehearsal
Procedures used to establish and strengthen basic skills; as used in social-skills training programs, requires the client to rehearse a desirable behavior sequence mentally.
Premack Principle
A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
Jacobson Relaxation Method
Relaxation technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed
Expectancy-reinforcement theory
(Julian Rotter) expectation moderates operant processes (e.g., someone who expects to be rewarded for antisocial behavior will engage in it more frequently)
Reinforcement Theory
(Dollard and Miller) theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways
fixed role therapy
Kelly's therapeutic technique that makes use of scripts or roles for people to try out, thereby encouraging people to behave in new ways and to perceive themselves in new ways
Choice theory
All human need survival, love and belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence, and fun; the only behavior a person can control is one's own
Process-centered eclecticism
emphasizes particular underlying factors as being common to all therapeutic interchanges; "what works" is more important that its theoretical basis (example: communication skill approaches)
Counselor-centered eclecticism
counselor chooses personal counseling systems that match their personalities (and thus are most effective)
technical eclecticism
involves borrowing ideas, insights, and techniques from a variety of sources while tailoring one's intervention strategy to the unique needs of each client
Frederick Thorne
An early proponent of eclectic counseling.
multimodal therapy
A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
NLP practitioners focus on the hidden effects of language, the meaning of non-verbal behavior, and the utilization of communication and trance to create change.
Virginia Axline
Created Child Centered Play Therapy