Scoliosis
lateral deviation of the spine that may affect the thoracic or lumbar areas or both. Various degrees and severity causes shortening of muscles and ligaments in the spine.
Kyphosis
increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward
Types of scoliosis
congenital, neuromuscular, and idiopathic
Fractures
break in the rigid structure of the bone and is the most common traumatic musculoskeletal disorder
Causes of fractures
direct blow, crushing force (compression), sudden twisting motions (torsion), severe muscle contraction, and disease
Closed fracture (simple)
bone fragments do not pierce the skin
Open fracture (compound)
bone fragments pierce the skin
Avulsion fracture
a chip in the bone from sudden and unexpected contraction of a powerful muscle from its point of insertion
Compression fracture
fracture when the bone collapses; common in lumbar
Impacted fracture
fracture where a vertical force drives the distal fragment of the fracture into the proximal fragment
Depressed fracture
fracture occurs in the skull where a segment of bone gets depressed into the brain tissue
stress fracture (fatigue)
fracture of a bone caused by repeated (rather than sudden) mechanical stress
Colles' fracture
fracture of the lower end of the radius in the wrist with a characteristic backward displacement of the hand
Symptoms of fractures
deformity, crepitus (rice krispy sound), pain, paresthesia, swelling and tenderness at the site, inability to move the affected limb, and muscle flaccidity that progresses to spasms, shortening of extremity
Hematoma formation
occurs within 3-4 hours after fracture. caused by town blood vessel hemorrhages and mass of clotted blood at fracture site
Delayed union
failure to reach bony union by 6 months post-injury and also included fractures that are taking longer than expected to heal
Malunion
when a fracture heals in a deformed position or with shortening of the limb
Nonunion
bone does not heal properly leaving the limb with pain and instability
Acute Compartment Syndrome
Serious condition in which increased pressure within one or more compartments causes massive compromise of circulation to the area.
It also prevents pressure buildup of blood or fluid accumulation.
What is the pathophysiologic change referred to with Acute Compartment Syndrome?
ischemia-edema cycle
What damage occurs within 4-6 hours of Acute Compartment Syndrome?
irreversible neuromuscular damage
What can happen to a limb affected by acute compartment syndrome within 24-48 hours?
the limb can become useless
Crush Syndrome
occurs when leg or arm injury includes multiple compartments; hyperkalemia
What are the complications of Acute Compartment Syndrome?
infection, motor weakness, and Volkmann's ischemic contractures
Fat embolism syndrome
serious complication from a fracture when fat globules are released from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream
Complications of fractures
shock, fat embolism syndrome, venous thromboembolism, infection, ischemic necrosis, fracture blisters, delayed union, and malnutrition
Osteomyelitis
condition caused by the invasion by one or more pathogenic microorganisms that stimulates the inflammatory response in bone tissue
What are the causative agents of osteomyelitis?
staphylococcus and streptococcus
Manifestations of Acute Osteomyelitis
abrupt fever, irritability/lethargy, pain in infected area, swelling, warmth, and redness in area of infection
Manifestations of Chronic Osteomyelitis
warmth, swelling, and redness over the site of infection, pain/tenderness, chronic fatigue, drainage from open wound, and sometimes a fever
Dislocation
separation of two bones at a joint, bone slips out of joint
Risk factors of dislocation injuries
susceptibility to falls, hereditary, sports participation, car wrecks
Manifestations of dislocation injuries
swollen/bruised, area of injury may be deformed, loss of motion, numbness and tingling in injured area and pain during movement
Sprain
a ligament injury caused by an overstretch or tear and can be done from twisting
Strains
microscopic tear in a muscle
Herniated disc
protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a annulus fibrosus
Causes of herniated discs
wear from repeated movements over extended time, aging (losing water content causes splitting), and lifting objects without bending at knees or twisting body with the object
Risk factors of herniated discs
weight, genetics, and occupation
Complications of herniated discs
compression of the cauda equina leads to permanent weakness, paralysis, loss of bladder and bowel control, and sexual dysfunction
Osteoporosis
medical condition in which bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue and bones look like a sponge
Risk factors of Osteoporosis
Females, Caucasian, thin/small body frame, family history, history of fractures as adult, excessive alcohol drinking, smoking, lack of exercise, poor nutrition, diet low in calcium, low estrogen/testosterone, chemotherapy, chronic inflammation
Complications of Osteoporosis
pathologic fractures, limited mobility, depression, pain
Manifestations of osteoporosis
height loss, dull pain in bones and/or muscles, and pathologic fractures
Osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease characterized by wear over the years
Risk factors of osteoarthritis
older age, female, obesity, joint injuries, genetics, bone deformities
Manifestations of osteoarthritis
pain, tenderness, stiffness, loss of flexibility, grating sensation, and bone spurs
Rheumatoid arthritis
systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints that starts off with acute inflammatory episodes which recover
Risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis
gender, age, genetics, smoking, environmental exposure, obesity
Manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
insidious onset, morning stiffness (last more than an hour), fatigue, anorexia, low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, bilateral joint pain, and limited joint pain range of motion
Gout
inflammatory disease resulting from deposits of uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids and is common to affect the large joint of the big toe
Risk factors of gout
age, male, lifestyle choices, weight, recent trauma or surgery, genetics
Manifestations of gout
intense joint pain that subsides to discomfort, inflammation, redness
Muscular Dystrophy
a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle and can be due to a genetic mutation
Which muscle protein abnormality leads to muscle dysfunction, weakness, muscle fiber loss, and inflammation?
dystrophin
Manifestations of MD
delayed development of muscle motor skills, clubfoot, foot drop, muscle weakness that leads to hypotonia, mental retardation, ptosis, frequent falls, poor coordination, drooling, and problems walking
Complications of MD
cardiomyopathy, recurrent respiratory infections, respiratory compromise due to weakened diaphragm, trouble walking, dysphagia, and death
Fibromyalgia
a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas.
Risk factors of fibromyalgia
female, family history, prior injury, other diseases, stress, lack of sleep, and those 20-60 years old
Causes of fibromyalgia
genetics, infection, and physical/emotional trauma
Manifestations of fibromyalgia
widespread pain, sleep disturbances, morning stiffness/fatigue, tenderness to pressure, heat, cold, or electrical pain, and cognitive difficulties
Manifestations of bone cancer
dull, deep bone pain; palpable mass; swelling; night pain; pathologic fractures
Signs of compartment syndrome
Pain, parasthesia, paralysis, pulseless, pallor, polar (cold)
Complications of rheumatoid arthritis
osteoporosis, rheumatoid nodules, dry eyes and mouth, infections, lymphoma, carpal tunnel, heart problems, lung disease, abnormal body composition
Complications of gout
Kidney stones and recurrent gout