Active immunity occurs as
a part of the human immune response, which is activated when a pathogen such as a bacterium or virus invades the body; The body recognizes this pathogen as a foreign substance and promptly begins producing antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and othe
When the body is first exposed to a pathogen its immune response is slow but the immune system retains memory of this pathogen. Therefore, what happens when the pathogen tries to invade again?
the immune response occurs more rapidly and more antibodies are produced to fight the pathogen which leads to the prevention of disease
Natural immunity
genetically determined in specific populations or families in which some pathogens cannot invade because it is not a suitable environment
Active immunity occurs from what?
exposure to an antigen or from passive injection of immunoglobulins
Vaccination involves what?
the administration of a small amount of antigen, which although capable of stimulating an immune response does not typically produce disease
Traditional vaccines contain what kind of microorganisms?
whole or components of inactivated (killed) mircroorganisms
Some vaccines are attenuated viruses which means they are composed of what?
live, attenuated (weakened) microorganisms
What are toxoids?
inactivated toxins, the harmful disease-causing substance produced by some microorganisms
Conjugate vaccines require a protein or toxoid from an unrelated organism to link to the outer coat of the disease-causing microorganism. This linkage creates a substance that can do what?
it can be recognized by immature immune systems such as those of infants
Give an example of a conjugate vaccine:
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Give an example of a recombinant subunit vaccine
Hepatitis B
What is an adjuvant?
a substance sometimes used in the production of a vaccine to increase the vaccine's immunogenicity and to prolong the immune response
Adjuvants are often what kind of substance?
an aluminum salt such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, or aluminum potassium sulfate
When does passive immunity occur?
when an individual receives antibodies against a particular pathogen from another source
How do newborn infants naturally receive passive immunity?
via the transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta
Whether natural or acquired, passive immunity is transient meaning what?
it lasts no more than several weeks to a few months
Vaccine preventable diseases include, but are not limited to the following
anthrax, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, MMR, meningococcal disease, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, poliomyelitis, rabies, rotavirus, smallpox, tetanus, TB, typhoid, varic
The recommended vaccines for children are
diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, varicella, MMR, Haemophilus influenzae type B, hepatitis A & B, pneumococcal conjugate, influenza, meningococcal conjugate, HPV, and rotavirus
Routine vaccines for adults may include the following:
tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis, tetanus-diphtheria, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide, HPV, MMR, varicella, and zoster
When does the CDC suggest that a review of adult immunizations should be done?
on decade birthdays (e.g. age 30, 40, 50)
Risk of contracting Typhoid is greatest for travelers to where?
India, Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Haiti
What is Typhoid caused by?
Salmonella enterica typhi which is generally spread via contaminated food or water
What is yellow fever?
mosquito-borne viral ilness
Where does yellow fever occur?
ONLY in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America
What is seroconversion?
the acquisition of detectable levels of antibodies in the bloodstream
Varicella vaccines should be avoided in clients with what?
a history of previous anaphylaxis to this vaccine or to any of its components, including gelatin and neomycin
The varicella virus is contraindicated in individuals with what disease?
tuberculosis
Varicella is contraindicated in
pregnancy because its effects on fetal development is unknown and if the person has any history of anaphylaxis
Pregnancy should be avoided for how long after each dose of the varicella vaccine?
at least 1 month
Other than pregnancy, what should clients avoid after receiving the varicella vaccine?
salicylates for 6 weeks after
If the MMR vaccine is not given the same day as the varicella vaccine, what is the recommended administration strategy?
administration of the two vaccines should be separated by at least 4 weeks
The anthrax vaccine requires six injections which includes:
three given 2 weeks apart followed by three additional doses at 6, 12, and 18 months
What is a contraindication for the anthrax vaccine?
pregnancy
Rotavirus is a leading cause of what?
severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children
Name the rotavirus vaccines
RotaTeq & Rotarix
Name the HPV vaccines
Gardasil & Cervarix
Name a vaccine for pneumococcal conjugate
Prevnar