first - pass effect
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches the systemic circulatiojn through the blood stream
Synergistic effect
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone
Trade Name
The commercial name given to a djrug product by its manufacturer
aka proprietary name
Substrates
substances on which an enzyme acts
onset of action
The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
Dissolution
The process by which solid forms of a drug disintegrate in the GI tract and becomes soluble before being absorbed into circulation
Toxic
The quality of being poisonous
Tolerance
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patients drug exposure and allow adjustment of doses with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
Allergic reaction
an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication
a type of adverse drug event
Blood-brain barrier
Restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the blood stream and CNS
Medication Use Process
The process of prescribing, dispensing and administering of medications and the monitoring of their effects
Drug effects
The physiologic reaction of the body to a drug
therapeutic or toxic
therms onset peak and duration are used to describe
trough level
The lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic blood monitoring
Idiosyncratic Reaction
An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication other than an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual
pharmacognosy
the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plan and animal sources
Biotransformation
one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug
occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive
Generi Name
The name given to a drug by the US Adopted ames Council
aka nonproprietary
not produced by trademark
drug actions
The cellular processes involved in the interation between a drug and body cells
aka mechanism of action
Contraindication
any condition, including current or recent drug therapy , therapy that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable
Intraarticular
Within a joint
EX: intraarticular injection
Cytochrome p-450
The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism
Receptor
A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances and 1 or more corresponding cellular effects occurs as a result of this drug - receptor interaction
Adverse Drug Reaction
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages
Duration of Action
The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
Toxicology
The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects and applicable treatments
Adverse Drug Event
Any undesirable occurance related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication
Therapeutic Index
The ration between toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug
Toxicity
The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities
Pharmacokinetics
The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
Additive Effects
Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
Parent Drug
The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is
Agonist
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors to the body
Drug
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
Incompatibility
The charictaristic that causes 2 parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs
Drug-Induced teratogenesis
The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs
Dependance
A state in which there is a jcompulsive or chronic need, as for a drug
Antagonist
A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body
ajka inhibitor
Antagonistic effect
The effect of 2 or more drugs combines is less then the individual effect of one alone
1+1=<2
Phjarmacotherapeutics
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs
Drug Interaction
Alteration in the parmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; It is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for the metabolism of the involved drug
Medication error
Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm
half-life
In pharmacokinetics, the time required for 1/2 of an administered dose of a drug to be eliminated by the body or the time it takes for the blood level to be reduced by 1/2
Metabolite
A chemical form of a drug that is a product of 1 or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. Inactive metabolites are waste produ
Peak Level
The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample
Chemical name
The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug
Intrathecal
within a sheath
ex: subarachnoid space
Adverse effect
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
pharmaceutics
The science of dispensing drugs including dosage form design
steady state
The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removal via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed in each dose
peak effect
The time required for a drug in the body to reach its maximum therapeutic response
Prodrug
An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reaction once it is inside the body
pharmacology
The broadest term for the study or science of drugs
Therapeutic effect
The desired or intended effect of a particular medication
pharmacodynamics
The study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physiochemical propertied of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
pharmacogenetics
The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes
enzymes
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism
bioavailability
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route
from 0%-100%