Chlorpromazine
After a surgery, Kyla presents with symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. Which of the following antihistamines should be prescribed to Kyla?
dehydrated children
The use of antihistamines is contraindicated for _____.
These drugs are rapidly metabolized by the liver.
Why do antihistaminic drugs require repeated administration multiple times a day?
ventricular arrhythmias that result from improper ion channel conduction.
Second-generation antihistamines astemizole and terfenadine were removed from the market because they produced:
Ketotifen
Jeremy's eyes have been itching for over a day. Since the condition is not severe, he prefers taking an OTC drug to relieve the itching. Which of the following products can Jeremy obtain over-the-counter to treat himself?
Chlorpheniramine
On the eve of an important business meeting, Steve presents with symptoms of a severe allergy. Steve can ill-afford to appear sedated or under medication during this meeting, so he asks the doctor to prescribe a suitable antihistamine. Which of the follow
Dimenhydrinate and meclizine
Which of the following antihistamine medications can be used to treat vertigo and nausea?
rapid metabolization by the liver
The repeated drug administration of antihistaminics is necessitated by their _____.
sedation and xerostomia
The side effects associated with antihistaminics are _____.
Postsynaptic H1-receptors
Which of the following types of receptors does histamine interact with to mediate allergic reactions?
Cyproheptadine
Which of the following first-generation antihistaminic drugs inhibits the actions of histamine and serotonin?
Lodoxamide
A patient presents with the following symptoms. The patient's upper eyelid has hard bumps, and the conjunctiva is swollen. There is yellow discharge from the eyes. Which of the following drugs should be used to treat this patient?
vasodilation of the blood vessels and the capillaries.
One of the effects of histamine on the vasculature is:
Edema and erythema in the skin
A nurse explains to a patient who presents with allergic symptoms that he is exhibiting an allergic reaction known as the Response of Lewis. Which of the following symptoms is most likely being exhibited by the patient?
Doxylamine
Which of the following is a common ingredient in OTC analgesic and cough-cold medications?
drying nasal secretions
Antihistaminics are used in cold remedies because of their anticholinergic properties responsible for _____.
IgE immunoglobulin attach to the surface of mast cells.
What happens to mast cells once an individual is first exposed to an allergen?
IgE
Which of the following types of antibodies is produced in the body when a person is sensitized to tree pollen for the first time?
A patient must be able to self-diagnose the condition to be treated.
Which of the following conditions must be met for a drug to be declared an OTC product?
a hypersensitivity reaction from overuse
Eczematoid dermatitis can occur with antihistamines as a result of _____.
All of these are correct.
- Theophylline antagonizes adenosine, a bronchoconstrictor.
- Theophylline inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), which slows the metabolism of cAMP.
- Theophylline inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), which slows t
Select the mechanism of action of the bronchodilator drug theophylline.
Albuterol
Considering the onset of action as the primary factor, determine the preferred therapy for the treatment of any sudden onset of asthma symptoms for patients who experience less than two asthmatic episodes per week.
Exercise
Identify the factor that can trigger an asthmatic attack.
Aspirin inhibits the formation of prostaglandins.
Which of the following statements is true of prostaglandins?
Cromolyn sodium should be administered prophylactically by oral inhalation three to four times per day.
Implementing a treatment plan for asthma that includes cromolyn sodium involves educating the patient on proper use of the medication. Which of the following is a valid instruction for its use?
Theophylline may cause excessive cardiac stimulation.
Explain the reason why theophylline may be contraindicated in patients with existing cardiovascular disease.
It is a quaternary derivative of atropine.
Which of the following statements is true of ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)?
All of these are correct.
- Steroids work as anti-inflammatory agents to inhibit the activation of arachidonic acid.
- The major effect of steroids in the treatment of asthma is to inhibit the inflammatory process.
- Steroids act to decrease the formation
Select the correct statement related to the mechanism of action of steroids.
All of these
- Nausea and diarrhea
- Fever, rash, and headache
- Dark urine, jaundice, and clay-colored stools
Which of the following effects are associated with the use of the leukotriene inhibiting drug zileuton (Zyflo)?
Omalizumab binds up the IgE antibody and decreases the circulating levels of IgE, which reduces the severity and frequency of asthmatic attacks.
Select the mechanism of action of omalizumab (Xolair).
Nedocromil (Tilade)
Kevin suffers from occasional asthmatic episodes caused due to various allergic reactions. His doctor prescribes cromolyn sodium for his treatment. During a subsequent visit, his doctor informs him that he could use a substitute drug that is similar in me
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF-A) is released from eosinophils and mast cells and functions to attract eosinophils to the site of cell injury or irritation in the lining of the respiratory tract in asthma.
Select the function of the eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis as it relates to asthma.
Reliever drugs
Under which of the following categories are salmeterol and formoterol typically classified?
Flonase
Select the drug agent that is used to treat allergic rhinitis from the following list of corticosteroids that are administered by oral inhalation or by nasal spray.
It causes bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability that contributes to mucosal edema, and infiltration of leukocytes.
Which of the following occurs in the respiratory tract due to the release of histamine?
The aim of therapy is to administer sympathomimetic drugs to stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors or anticholinergic drugs that decrease parasympathetic activity.
Select the correct statement related to the preferred therapy for the treatment of asthma and COPD.
To improve lung function
What is the significant therapeutic aim in treating COPD?
All of these
- Difficulty expelling air from the lungs
- Reduced respiratory exchange
- Shortness of breath
Identify the physical manifestations associated with emphysema.
Theophylline
Select the drug class that can cause stimulation of the central nervous system, increase respiratory muscle contractility, and mucociliary clearance.
Daily treatment with low-to-moderate-dose inhaled anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and inhaled selective beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilators
Identify the preferred therapy for the relief of moderate or persistent asthma.
Nizatidine and ranitidine
Which of the following H2-receptor antagonist medications should a patient with liver problems avoid?
high sodium content
One common problem with long-term use of antacids is _____.
remove damaged tissue through surgery
One way to treat a patient with severe GERD is to _____.
Constipation
Ray is prescribed Carafate for the treatment of peptic ulcers. Which of the following side effects can Ray expect from this medication?
Administration of food
A patient with peptic ulcer complains of severe duodenal pain. Which of the following treatment options is most likely to relieve this pain?
80 mg
Famotidine is available as over-the-counter 10-mg tablets. If Kayla takes one tablet every 12 hours over a period of four days. What is the total dosage of famotidine administered to Kayla?
HCl and pepsin
Gastric juices mainly consist of _____.
NSAIDs
Which of the following medications can promote the formation of ulcers by interfering with mucus production or secretion?
Steroids
_____ are considered to be ulcerogenic because they inhibit the secretion of protective mucus and interfere with the normal production of the mucosal lining.
Overproduction of inhibitory enzyme to stop acid secretion
Which of the following is not a common cause of peptic ulcers?
unlike an H2-receptor antagonist, a proton pump inhibitor blocks the secretion of HCl.
The suppression of acid secretion is greater with a proton pump inhibitor than with an H2-receptor antagonist because:
inhibiting a hydrogen potassium pump in parietal cells
Omeprazole works by _____.
Cimetidine will precipitate out of solution.
Why should cimetidine never be mixed with a barbiturate when compounding an IV admixture?
Acid rebound
_____ results when antacids increase the pH of the stomach and the secretory cells respond by increasing the secretion of gastric acid.
Neutralizing gastric acid
Identify the mechanism of action of antacids.
two antibiotics and a bismuth compound
In the context of the treatment of peptic ulcer caused by H. pylori, triple therapy refers to using _____.
Cimetidine
Julian is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and presents with symptoms such as gastric acid hypersecretion. Which of the following drugs should be used to treat Julian?
tardive dyskinesia
Krista is suffering from GERD. After various medications fail to improve her condition, Krista is prescribed metoclopramide as a short-term treatment option. However, the success of the treatment prompts Krista to continue using the medication for over th
Blockade of prostaglandins that inhibit gastric secretions
Identify the mechanism of action by which NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers.
can be taken with food
Oral H2-receptor antagonists _____.
opiate
Toxic doses of diphenoxylate could produce respiratory depression and coma similar to _____ overdose
ischemic colitis
Olivia has been suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for time now. She has undergone conventional therapy previously and has not responded well to it. Her doctor has prescribed alosetron to treat her. The drug should be discontinued if Olivia dis
Ceo-Two releases carbon dioxide gas, which pushes on the wall of the rectum, inducing muscle contraction and stool movement, whereas lubiprostone (Amitiza) opens the chloride channels so that chloride followed by water enters the channels in an attempt to
Select the statement that best explains the mechanism of action of the laxative products Ceo-Two and lubiprostone (Amitiza)
Ondansetron
Daniel is diagnosed with cancer and is undergoing chemotherapy. He is suffering from bouts of vomiting, usually after the chemotherapy sessions. Which of the following drugs should Daniel's doctor prescribe for the vomiting?
Osmotic laxatives cause a large amount of water to be lost with the feces and could lead to dehydration if overused.
Select the statement that best describes the adverse effects of osmotic laxatives.
Stimulation of the cholinergic fibers that innervate the intestines increases intestinal motility, whereas stimulation of the adrenergic fibers decreases motility.
Select the statement that best describes the involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the movement of feces.
it may increase intraocular pressure by reducing anterior chamber drainage.
Carter consults a doctor as he is suffering from diarrhea. He informs the doctor that he has recently been diagnosed with glaucoma. The doctor should avoid prescribing an anticholinergic to Carter because:
It is metabolized by the liver, and the metabolite is excreted into the urine
Which of the following statements is true of diphenoxylate?
Constipation
Which of the following is the most frequent side effect produced by antidiarrheal drugs?
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Identify the long-term impact of chronic diarrhea
Acute diarrhea is associated with the production of loose stools in otherwise healthy individuals that lasts less than 14 days; diarrhea that lasts more than 30 days is defined as chronic and is accompanied by weight loss, muscle weakness, and electrolyte
Select the correct information to give to a patient who is not aware that there is a difference between acute and chronic diarrhea.
mu
Difenoxen is a _____ receptor agonist.
Children
Identify the group in which chronic diarrhea develops readily.
All of these
- NSAIDs, antacids, chemotherapy medications
- Antiarrhythmic and blood pressure medications
- Antibiotics and laxatives
Select the group of drug agents that contribute to increased intestinal motility, resulting in diarrhea.
ischemic colitis
Administration of alosetron should be stopped when the patient exhibits symptoms of _____.
Liam shows symptoms of liver disease.
Liam consults a doctor as he has been suffering from diarrhea for two days. The doctor prescribes diphenoxylate to decrease peristalsis. Which of the following statements, if true, would indicate that the doctor's prescription is inappropriate for Liam?
stimulating mu receptors in the myenteric plexus.
Diphenoxylate works by:
Pepto-Bismol
Simon is going to travel to another country on a business trip. He is informed by his colleagues that the water supplied in that region is unlikely to be pure and that people who have previously visited the place have suffered from diarrhea. Simon wants t
The adsorbents work in the intestine to form a complex with irritating substances such as bacteria, digestive enzymes, or toxins and carry them into the feces for elimination.
Dr. Mark is asked to explain the mechanism of adsorbent drugs when they are used in the treatment of simple diarrhea. Which of the following statements should Mark choose?
Bowel evacuants, emollients, stool softeners
Select the option in which the classes of laxatives are listed in the increasing order of their onset-of-action times.
Erythropoietin
Which of the following is associated with red blood cell production?
They travel from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe down nerve axons.
Which of the following statements is true of the hormones in the posterior pituitary lobe?
Renal impairment
_____ decreases the clearance of octreotide and increases the plasma level.
produced in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are:
Octreopeptide
_____ is used to treat acromegaly and is clinically valuable in the management of severe diarrhea and flushing associated with metastatic carcinoid tumors.
antidiuretic hormone
The release of _____ is controlled by nerve reflexes.
Growth hormone
Which of the following hormones is not associated with one main target organ?
glucose
Growth hormone increases plasma levels of nutrients to provide the energy needed for growth by inhibiting the uptake of _____ by adipose cells.
Testing for glycosylated hemoglobin in a blood sample
Which of the following is a method of monitoring adverse effects in a patient who is taking growth hormone?
Oxytocin
_____ is secreted through positive feedback.
carcinoid tumors
Noah, a 42-year-old, consults Dr. Miller as he has enlarged bones in his hands and feet. Dr. Miller diagnoses him with acromegaly and prescribes lanreotide to him. Dr. Miller should consider switching Noah to octreopeptide if Noah has _____.
the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland.
The portal system allows for communication between:
Testosterone
Which hormone does not induce its action through cAMP activity?
a slower onset and a longer duration of stimulation.
When compared to the nervous system, hormones have:
The release of the thyroid-stimulating hormone is stimulated by the action of the thyrotropic-releasing hormone, which is secreted from the hypothalamus.
Which of the following statements is true of the thyrotropic-releasing hormone?
gigantism
In children, excess secretion of growth hormone results in _____.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Human growth hormone was withdrawn from the market when the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NIH) linked _____ to contaminated cadaver tissue.
glycosylated hemoglobin levels
Ralf, a 14-year-old, suffers from dwarfism. He consults Dr. Martin, who prescribes recombinant growth hormone for Ralf. In this scenario, Dr. Martin should monitor Ralf's _____.
Insulin-like growth factor 1
Which of the following stimulates bone growth during childhood?