reabsorption
More than 99% of the water, electrolytes, and nutrients that are filtered at the glomerulus undergo ______.
sodium; chloride
Most diuretics block active reabsorption of ______ and ______, and thereby prevent passive reabsorption of water.
sodium; chloride
The amount of diuresis produced is directly related to the amount of ______ and ______ reabsorption blocked.
early
Drugs that act ______ in the nephron are in a position to block the greatest amount of solute reabsorption, and hence produce the greatest diuresis.
loop of Henle
Loop diuretics block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ______.
Loop
______ diuretics produce the greatest diuresis.
loop
In contrast to thiazide diuretics, ______ diuretics are effective even when the glomerular filtration rate is low.
dehydration
Loop diuretics can cause ______ through excessive fluid loss.
hypotension
Loop diuretics can cause ______ by decreasing blood volume and relaxing venous smooth muscle.
Loop
______ diuretics can cause hearing loss, which, fortunately, is usually reversible.
digoxin
Hypokalemia caused by loop diuretics is a special problem for patients taking ______.
Hypokalemia
______ caused by loop diuretics is a special problem for patients taking digoxin.
Thiazide
______ diuretics block sodium and water reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
early distal convoluted tubule
Thiazide diuretics block sodium and water reabsorption in the ______.
less
Thiazide diuretics produce ______ diuresis than loop diuretics.
glomerular filtration rate
Thiazide diuretics are ineffective when ______ is low.
dehydration; hypokalemia
Like the loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics can cause ______ and ______. However, thiazides do not cause hearing loss.
hearing loss
Like the loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics can cause dehydration and hypokalemia. However, thiazides do not cause ______.
digoxin
Thiazide-induced hypokalemia is a special problem for patients taking ______.
sodium-potassium
Potassium-sparing diuretics act by directly or indirectly blocking ______ "exchange" in the distal convoluted tubule.
distal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing diuretics act by directly or indirectly blocking sodium-potassium "exchange" in the ______.
diuresis
Potassium-sparing diuretics cause only modest ______.
potassium
Potassium-sparing diuretics are used primarily to counteract ______ loss in patients taking loop diuretics or thiazides.
hyperkalemia
The principal adverse effect of potassium-sparing diuretics is ______.
hyperkalemia
Because of the risk of ______, use caution when combining potassium-sparing diuretics with one another or with potassium supplements, and in patients taking ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or direct renin inhibitors.
ACE inhibitors; angiotensin receptor blockers; direct renin inhibitors
Because of the risk of hyperkalemia, use caution when combining potassium-sparing diuretics with one another or with potassium supplements, and in patients taking ______, ______, or ______.
hypertension; edema
Loop diuretics and thiazides are used to treat ______ and ______ associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease.
heart failure; cirrhosis; kidney disease
Loop diuretics and thiazides are used to treat hypertension and edema associated with ______, ______, and ______.
Furosemide
Loop diuretics: prototype drug?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretics: prototype drug?
Spironolactone
Triamterene
Potassium-sparing diuretics: prototype drugs? (2)
thick segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop
Furosemide acts in the ______ to block reabsorption of sodium and chloride.
fatal dysrhythmias
Major risk of hypokalemia?
diabetes insipidus
Thiazide diuretics have the paradoxical effect of reducing urine output in patients with _______.
liver
Thiazide diuretics can be used to mobilize edema associated with ______ disease.
calcium
Thiazide diuretics promote tubular reabsorption of ______, which may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Mannitol
______, an osmotic diuretic, is used to treat edema that causes increased intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure.
osmotic
Mannitol, an ______ diuretic, is used to treat edema that causes increased intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure.
reabsorption
More than 99% of the water, electrolytes, and nutrients that are filtered at the glomerulus undergo ______.
sodium; chloride
Most diuretics block active reabsorption of ______ and ______, and thereby prevent passive reabsorption of water.
sodium; chloride
The amount of diuresis produced is directly related to the amount of ______ and ______ reabsorption blocked.
early
Drugs that act ______ in the nephron are in a position to block the greatest amount of solute reabsorption, and hence produce the greatest diuresis.
loop of Henle
Loop diuretics block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ______.
Loop
______ diuretics produce the greatest diuresis.
loop
In contrast to thiazide diuretics, ______ diuretics are effective even when the glomerular filtration rate is low.
dehydration
Loop diuretics can cause ______ through excessive fluid loss.
hypotension
Loop diuretics can cause ______ by decreasing blood volume and relaxing venous smooth muscle.
Loop
______ diuretics can cause hearing loss, which, fortunately, is usually reversible.
digoxin
Hypokalemia caused by loop diuretics is a special problem for patients taking ______.
Hypokalemia
______ caused by loop diuretics is a special problem for patients taking digoxin.
Thiazide
______ diuretics block sodium and water reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
early distal convoluted tubule
Thiazide diuretics block sodium and water reabsorption in the ______.
less
Thiazide diuretics produce ______ diuresis than loop diuretics.
glomerular filtration rate
Thiazide diuretics are ineffective when ______ is low.
dehydration; hypokalemia
Like the loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics can cause ______ and ______. However, thiazides do not cause hearing loss.
hearing loss
Like the loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics can cause dehydration and hypokalemia. However, thiazides do not cause ______.
digoxin
Thiazide-induced hypokalemia is a special problem for patients taking ______.
sodium-potassium
Potassium-sparing diuretics act by directly or indirectly blocking ______ "exchange" in the distal convoluted tubule.
distal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing diuretics act by directly or indirectly blocking sodium-potassium "exchange" in the ______.
diuresis
Potassium-sparing diuretics cause only modest ______.
potassium
Potassium-sparing diuretics are used primarily to counteract ______ loss in patients taking loop diuretics or thiazides.
hyperkalemia
The principal adverse effect of potassium-sparing diuretics is ______.
hyperkalemia
Because of the risk of ______, use caution when combining potassium-sparing diuretics with one another or with potassium supplements, and in patients taking ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or direct renin inhibitors.
ACE inhibitors; angiotensin receptor blockers; direct renin inhibitors
Because of the risk of hyperkalemia, use caution when combining potassium-sparing diuretics with one another or with potassium supplements, and in patients taking ______, ______, or ______.
hypertension; edema
Loop diuretics and thiazides are used to treat ______ and ______ associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease.
heart failure; cirrhosis; kidney disease
Loop diuretics and thiazides are used to treat hypertension and edema associated with ______, ______, and ______.
Furosemide
Loop diuretics: prototype drug?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretics: prototype drug?
Spironolactone
Triamterene
Potassium-sparing diuretics: prototype drugs? (2)
thick segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop
Furosemide acts in the ______ to block reabsorption of sodium and chloride.
fatal dysrhythmias
Major risk of hypokalemia?
diabetes insipidus
Thiazide diuretics have the paradoxical effect of reducing urine output in patients with _______.
liver
Thiazide diuretics can be used to mobilize edema associated with ______ disease.
calcium
Thiazide diuretics promote tubular reabsorption of ______, which may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Mannitol
______, an osmotic diuretic, is used to treat edema that causes increased intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure.
osmotic
Mannitol, an ______ diuretic, is used to treat edema that causes increased intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure.