The Conversion of a liquid into a a fine mist or colloidal suspension in air.
Aerosolization
A drug that inhibits or suppresses the cough reflex
Antitussive
Narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles, which results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow.
Bronchoconstriction
Widening lumen of bronchi and bronchioles. Airway resistance is decreased, and airflow is increased.
Bronchodilation
A substance that reduces the swelling from the respiratory tract.
Decongestant
A drug that enhances the expulsion of secretions from the respiratory tract.
Expectorant
Addition of moisture in the air
Humidification
Class of antibody produced on MM surfaces
IGA
Thickened or dried out
Inspissated
Having the ability to break down mucus
Mucolytic
The process of converting liquid medication into a spray that can be carried into the respiratory system by inhaled air.
Nebulization
A cough that does not result in anything coming up.
Nonproductive Cough
A cough that results in coughing up mucus, secretions or debris.
Productive Cough
Aspiration Reflex-short periods of noisy inspiratory effort in dogs
Reverse Sneeze
A mixture of phospholids secreted by type 2 alveolar cells that reduce surface tension in pulmonary fluids.
surfactant
Sticky
Viscid
The Respiratory system consists of
Lungs
Passageways: Carry air in and out of lungs
Nostrils, nasal cavity pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
are passageways
The upper respiratory system is
the passageways that lead to the lungs
The upper respiratory begins with
nostrils
Turbinates are located in the
nasal cavity - pharynex - Larynx - Trachea
These are covered w/ MM
Turbinates
These increase the surface area of the nasal cavity to allow humidification and warming of inspired air
Turbinates
The trachea bifurcates
into right and left bronchi and right and left lungs
Bronchus then divides into a series of passage ways of decreasing size
Bronchioles
Smooth muscle fibers are in the
walls of the bronchioles
Contraction of the smooth muscle allows
decreases the diameter of the bronchioles
relaxes of fibers allows the diameter to return to normal
Upper respiratory tract is lined w/
ciliated, pseudostratiied columnar epithelial cells (Goblet Cells) - Secrete mucus
Mucus us secreted
onto the surface of the epithelial cells and moved toward the pharynx by mvt of cilia
Sympathetic stimulation results in decreased production of mucus by the Goblet cells and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchioles
Bronchodilation
Parasympathetic stimulation causes increased secretion of mucus and constriction or smooth muscle
Bronchconstriction
Broncholes teminate in sm, sac like structures
Alveoli
These are arranged in grape like clusters that are lined w/ a chemical substance called a
alveoli; Surfactant
These reduces the surface tension
Surfactant
This keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
Alveoli are surrounded by
capillaries
These make it possible for the blood to unload its carbon dioxide into the alveoli and to pick up O2 from the alveoli
Capillaries
Functions that the respiratory system serves
O2 - Carbon dioxide exchange
Regulation of acid base balance
Body Temp regulation
voice Production
Respiratory can be divided into 4 parts
Ventilation
Distribution
Diffusion
Perfusion
Mvt of air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Active process of ventilation
Inspiratory
Passive process of ventilation
Expiration
Distributing of inspired gases throughout the lungs
Distribution
Mvt of gases across the alveolar membrane
Diffusion
supply of blood to the alveoi
Perfusion
Defense against disease processes
Nasal Cavity
Protective reflexes
Mucociliary Clearance
Nasal Cavity Defense
Turbinates
Protective Reflex
Mucociliary Clearance
Drugs that allow their delivery at high concentrations directly into the airways, while minimizing their blood levels
Aerosoliztion (Nebulization)
Treatment of respiratory disease (3 Goals)
Control secretions
Control reflexes
Maintain normal airflow to the alveoli
Efficacy Depends on
The dose and on how well it distributed in the lungs
Distribution depends on
Size
Shape
Pattern of the airways
Breathing pattern of animal
This can interfere w/ distribution of the drug
airway pathology
This form of therapy can cause decreased levels in the blood and therefore decreasing adverse effects
aerosolization
These drugs liquefy and dilute viscid secretions of the respiratory tract, thereby helping in evacuation of those secretions
expectorants
Expectorants are indicated when a _______ is present and are often combined w/ other substances
Productive Cough
Guaifenesin is an
Expectorant and Muscle Relaxer
This is used for relief of cough symptoms related to upper respiratory tract conditions
Guaifenesin
This expectorant is primarily liquid and tablet
Guaifensin
Guaifensin may cause
Mild Drowsiness or Nausea
Acetylcystaine is a
Mucolytic
These drugs decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions
Mucolytics
Mucolytics are administered by
Nebulization or orally for antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
This drug is used to breakdown thick (Inspissated) mucus and treat acetaminophen toxicity
Acetylcystaine
Adverse Side effects of acetylcystaine
Vomiting
These drugs are centrally/peripherally acting agents
antitussives
Butrophanal Tartrate
Hydrocodone Bitartrate
Codeine
Dextromethorphan
Temaril-P
are what
Antitussives
Drugs that inhibit or suppress coughing
Antitussives
Centrally acting agents
Suppress Cough
Peripherally acting agents
Cough drops/Lozenges
This is a synthetic opiate, partial agonist w/ significant antitussive activity. Class IV. Used as a preansthetic and analgesic
Butorphanol
Adverse side effect of Butorphanol
Sedation
Hydrocodone is used for
Harsh, nonproductive cough
Hydrocodone
Tablet and syrup
This antitussive is a schedule III Opiate agonist; used for nonproductive cough
Hydrocodone
Adverse Side effects of Hydrocodone
Sedation, constipation
This is an opiate agonist that is used as an antitussive
Codeine
Codeine is used for
Harsh, nonproductive cough
What class is codeine only
C-II
What Class is Codeine + Aspirin or acetaminophen
C-III
What Class is Codeine syrups
C-III or V
What are the adverse side effects of codeine
Sedation, Constipation
This drug is a nonnarcotic antitussive that is chemically similar to codeine
Dextromethophan
This drug elevates the cough thresh hold
Dextromethphan
This drug is used to suppress a nonproductive cough
Dextromethophan
Adverse Side effects of dextromethophan
Drowsiness, GI Upset
What animals should not be administered acetaminophen
Cat
This drug is a combination product that contains a centerally acting antitussive and a corticosteroid
Temaril-P
This drug is used as an antitussive and an antipruritic
Temaril-P
Adverse Side effects of Temaril-P
Minor CNS Signs
Hypotension
Contraction of the smooth muscle fibers that surround the bronchioles results in
Bronchoconstriction and dyspnea
Contraction from these smooth muscle fibers can result from 3 basic mechanisms
Release of acetylcholine
Release of Histamine: Increases inflammatory response = leads to increased levels of secreation and viscosity
Blockade of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors by drugs: Propranolol =Bronchoconstriction
4 basic drug categories that cause bronchodilation
Cholinergic blockers
Antihistamines
Beta 2 adrenergics
Methylxanthines
Cholinergic blockers produce
Bronchodilation
Atropine, Amiopentamide and glycopyrrulate
are cholinergic blockers
Atropine, aminopentamide and glycopyrolate
have limited use in treating bronchoconstriction except in organophosphate or carbamate toxicity
substances that are used to block the effects of histamines
Antihistamines
These are more effective when used preventatively
Antihistamines
What is "heaves
COPD
Respiratory conditions that may be treated w/ antihistamines
Heaves (Horses)
Pneumonia (cattle)
Feline Asthma
Insect Bited
Pyrilamine, diphenhydramine, Tripelenamine and chlorpheniramine are what
antihistamines
Antihistamines are available in what forms
Injectable and oral preps
Antihistamines are used to treat
allergic/respiratory conditions
Can also be used for antiemetic effects
These combine w/ appropriate receptors on smooth muscle fibers and effect relaxation of the fibers
Beta - 2 - Adrenergic agonists
These reduce the amt of histamine released
Beta - 2 - Adrenergic agonists
This stimulation can produce tachycardia (hypertension)
Beta 1
These agonists are used as Bronchodilators
Beta 2
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol
Albuterol
Salmeterol
are Beta 2 agonists
Adverse effects of Beta 2 agonists
tachycardia and Hypertension
This drug is a potent bronchodilator used in life threatening situations
Epinephrine
Side effect of epinephrine
tachycardia
This drug is a beta 1 stimulation and has limited use as as bronchodilator
Isoproterenol
Albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline and metaproterenol are
Beta 2 agonists
This beta 2 is approved for horses
Clenbuterol
This drug causes many drug reactions
Methylxanthines
Methylxanthines derivatives that are used therapeutically
Aminophylline
Theophylline
Thus drug causes mild stimulation of the heart and respiratory muscles and minor diuresis
Methylxanthines
Caffine and theobromine are
found in chocolate
Methylxanthines
This is a ethylenediamine salt of theophylline
Aminophylline
Clinical uses of Methylxanthines are
Bronchodilation = respiratory/cardiac condtions
Mild heart stimulation
Adverse Side effects of Methylxanthines are
GI Upset
CNS stimualtion
Tachycardia
Ataxia
Arrhythmia
Mild Diuresis
Theophylline may interact with many drugs, so you should take
appropriate precautions before the drug is administered
These drugs reduce the congestion of nasal membranes by reducing associated swelling
Decongestants
Decongestants are
Vasoconstricters
These drugs have limited use in vet med but may be used to that selected feline upper respiratory tract disease
Decongestants
Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine
these are oral and act systemically
Topically applied decongestants
Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Extra label use for phenylpropanolamine
Urinary incontinence
This decongestant can elevate the heart rate
Phenylephrine
These are used primarily to treat allergic respiratory conditions
Corticosteroids
This are considered most effective drugs in treatment of equine COPD
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids prepared for inhalation therapy have a
Strong inflammatory effect
Drug of choice for Chronic airway inflammation in dogs and cats
Prednisone or Prednisolone
These are considered Corticosteroids
Prednisone and Prednisolone
Corticosteroid therapy controls
The signs of respiratory disease
Clinical use of Corticosteroids
Equine Heaves (COPD)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Allergic Pneumonia
Dosage forms of Corticosteroids
Prednisolone
Prednisone
Dexamthasone
Fluticasone
Triamcinolone
Respiratory Stimulants
Doxapram
Naloxone
Yobine
This drug is a CNS stimulant
Doxapram
Used primarily as a respiratory stimulant
Stimulation of respiration during and after anesthesia
Speed awakening
restore reflexes after anesthesia
Doxapram
Dosage form for Doxapram
Dopram-V for injection
Adverse side effects of dopram
Hypertension
Arrhythmia
Hyperventilation
CNS Excitation
Seizures
Most likely to occur at high doses
This drug stimulates respiration in narcotic overdose
Naloxone
This drug stimulates respirations in xylazine overdose
Yobine
What structures would a molecule of O2 pass over or through as it travels from the environment to the alveoli?
Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
What are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
The 4 functions of the respiratory system are O2-Carbon Dioxide exchange, regulation of acid-base balance, body temp. regulation and voice production.
Describe the function of the three basic defense mechanisms of the respiratory system.
Structures of the nasal passages filter, warm, and humidify inspired air.
The cough, sneeze, and reverse sneeze attempt to remove foreign material that entered the respiratory system.
The mucocilliary mechanism also removes foreign material from the respi
What are 3 important principles of respiratory therapeutics?
Control of secretions
Control of reflexes
Maintenance of normal airflow
Expectorants are indicated when what type of cough is present?
Productive
Mucolytics decrease the viscosity of respiratory mucus by what mechanism?
Through the breakdown of disulfide chemical bonds
Acetylcysteine is administered by what method for pulmonary uses?
Nebulization
What is the mechanism of action of most antitussives used in vet med?
Through the depression of the cough center in the brain
Codeine is classified in what category of controlled subsatnces?
C -V
List 3 mechanisms that can cause smooth muscle contraction in the bronchioles.
Release of acetylcholine
Release of Histamine
blockade of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
List 2 bronchodilators that are Beta 2 adrenergic agonists.
Epinephrine
Albuterol
The Methylxanthines bring about bronchodilation by inhibiting what cellular enzyme?
Phosphodiesterase
List 2 potential uses for antihistamines in veterinary medicine.
treatment of insect bites and treatment of heaves in horses
What suffix is found at the end of many antihistamine names?
-amine
List 2 potential uses for dopram
Treatment of respiratory depression associated with anesthesia and stimulation of respiration in newborn animals
Maxi Jones is being treated for canine infectious tracheobronchitis. Dr. Ladd has instructed you to dispense Hycodan at 0.22 mg/kg b.i.d. for 7days. Maxi Weighs 50#
What Dose of Hycodan does Maxi require?
How many tablets will you dispense?
50# / 2.2kg = 22.72kg
22.72kg x 0.22mg= 4.9mg
b.i.d = by mouth 2 a day x 7 = 14 tablets
List 2 use of acetylcysteine in vet med
Mucolytic agent
Antidote for acetaminophin toxicity
The following are examples of methylxanthine
Aminophylline
Theophylline
Caffiene
Theobromine
Particles of what size are capable of reaching the alveoli?
1-5 microns
Give an example of a beta 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator
Albeuterol
The following are functions of the respiratory tract
Oxygen carbon dioxide exchange
Regulation of acid base balance
Body temp regulation
This is not a function of the respiratory tract
Production of sodium bicarbonate to aid in regulation of acid base balance
These are drugs that liquefy and dilute viscid secretions of the respiratory tract and thereby help in evacuating those secretions
Expectorants
These drugs that inhibit or suppress coughing
Antitussives
This drug is used for the relief of chronic nonproductive cough in dogs and for analgesia and preanesthesia in dogs and cats
butorphanol
Drug products with codeine alone are in what schedule of controlled substances
C-II
Temaril-p is a combination product that contains a centrally acting antitussive and
Prednisolone
Aminotophylline and theophylline are what
Methylxanthine
These drugs are used to reduce the congestion of nasal membranes by reducing associated swelling
Decongestants
These are substances that are used to block the effects of histamine
antihistamines
Solu-Delta-Cortef is a brand name for
Prednisolone Na succinate