Cultural Competence
Requires maintaining awareness of one's own values and beliefs without letting them have undue influence on those of other backgrounds, demonstrating knowledge and understanding of another's culture, accepting and respecting cultural differences, and cons
Biocultural Ecology
Inherited physical, biologic, and psychological variations in ethnic and racial groups
ARU
Acute Rehabilitative Unit. Developed to focus on the physical rehabilitation of the patient
TCU
Transitional Care Unit. Developed to continue care of patients who are well enough to be discharged from the acute care facility but may not be eligible for a long-term facility because they need IV drug therapy or intense physical therapy
Outpatient
patient who arrives in the morning for a procedure with the expectation of returning home after the procedure is completed
Medication Reconciliation
ystematic process in which the patient's medication history is compared to the current list of prescribed medication
Alternative Therapy
use of nutritional supplements and herbal and botanical preparations
Complementary Therapy
augmentations or supplements to health care that include vitamins, and minerals, as well as the use of herbs and botanicals
Glycemic Index
how quickly the carbohydrate increases the blood glucose level
Glycemic Load
Includes both the glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrates in a particular food
Herbal and Botanical Preparation
substances derived from a plant source and used as a dietary supplement or as medication
Vitamins
chemically diverse group of organic compounds needed by the body to maintain health by regulating metabolism and assisting in the biochemistry of food digestion as cofactors for enzymes
Mineral Cations
Include calcium, magnesium, potas-sium, and sodium/ Function in energy metabolism, mem-brane transport, and maintenance of membrane potential
Phytomedicinals
Therapeutic agents derived from plants or the prepara-tions made from them
Cross-Tolerance
Tolerance to one drug causing tolerance to other drugs in the same class
Physical Dependence
When drug use over time occurs in the body cells, secondary to tolerance, causes the body to "need" the drug for homeostasis
Cross-depence
Patients dependent on a specific drug in one class. They may be dependent on a similar drug in the same class.
Abstinence Syndrome (withdrawal)
Develops when the dependent drug use is stopped abruptly
Addiction
omplex process involving interactions among the drug (availability, cost, pharmacology, toxicology); the user (personal resources, psychiatric prole, tempera-ment); and society (family and peer inuences, positive and negative advertising, and social attit
Cross-tolerance
olerance to a drug in a particular class may also occur to other drugs in the same class.
Psychological Dependence
Involves the compulsive use of and craving for a drug
What are some factors that go into developing a dependence?
Development, Environment, Personality Traits, Mood Disorders, Genetics, Availability, Socioeconomic Status
Tolerance
Occurs when the body develops a natural resistance to the drug's physical or euphoric effects, making it necessary to take increasing doses more frequently to achieve the desired effect.
Most commonly abused CNS stimulants
cocaine and methamphetamine.
Effects of potent CNS stimulants
energize muscles, decrease appetite, cause some degree of mental and physical alertness, produce feelings of self-confidence, and induce some degree of euphoria.
CNS Depressants Effects
decrease heart rate, respiration, and reaction time, relax muscles, suppress physical and mental pain, diminish inhibitions, and promote sedation
Opoid (narcotics) Effects
relieve pain, suppress coughing, enhance anesthetic effect for surgery, and relieve severe diarrhea.
Hallucinogens Effects
Pronounced mental and emotional effects because they distort the way the brain interprets sensory information
Inhalants
products that can be abused by inhaling them through the nose or mouth to achieve an intoxicating effect
Designer Drugs
These drugs are similar in chemical structure to existing drugs and are developed with relative ease in illegal laboratories.
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
synthetic formulations of the male hormone testosterone
Geriatric patient
defined as person 60 years or older
Frail Elderly
Older adults who are not independent and are in poor or compromised condition
Polypharmacy
Taking several drugs simultaneously
Paradoxical Excitement
When giving an elderly a benzodiazepine and it has the opposite effect than intended.
Pre-eclampsia
Serious hypertensive condition can develop during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy
Teratogen
Any substance that causes birth defects in a newborn
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
Caused by antiepleptic or phenytoin where craniofacial abnormalities, limb defects, growth deficiency, and mental deficiency result
Pediatric patient
Patient younger than 16 years weighing less than 50 kg
Body surface area
External surface of the body expressed in square meters
Nomogram
Chart or graph that shows relationships between numerical variables
Difference in body water in fat between children and adults
Children have a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of fat resulting in less of the drug in the blood. T
Difference in liver function between children and adults
Children have immature liver function
Kernicterus
Life-threatening condition where bilirubin accumulates in the CNS