Intracellular fluids
ICF, fluid located within cells
extracellular fluid
ECF, fluid outside the cells
interstitial fluid
liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
intracellular fluid percentage
45% of total body weight
extracellular fluid percentage
15% of total body weight, interstitial fluid - 10.5, intravascular fluid - 4.5.
total body water
60% of total body weight
electrolytes
minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance
nonelectrolytes
substances that form no ions in water and cannot conduct electricity
milliequivalents
(mEq), measurements used to indicate the strength of certain drugs (sodium and potassium are measured in this)
cation
a positively charged ion
major cation examples
sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg2+)
cation concentration in extracellular fluid
sodium and calcium
cation concentration in intracellular fluid
potassium and magnesium
sodium (Na+)
helps regulate the bodies water, nerve impulse transmission, and transfer of calcium into the cell. examples of sodium combinations: chloride (Cl-) or bicarbonate (HCO3-)
regulation of sodium occurs in the
kidneys
aldosterone
increases renal absorption of sodium
hypernatremia
high sodium concentration
calcium (Ca2+)
used in the structure of bone and teeth. it also functions as an enzyme for blood clotting and is required for hormone secretion, membrane stability, and permeability, and muscle contraction.
example of calcium combination: phosphate (HPO-4)
blood levels of calcium are closely related by
parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin (from thyroid gland)
potassium (K+)
used for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal smooth muscle contraction. Also required for glycogen deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle.
magnesium (Mg2+)
40 to 60 percent of magnesium is stored in muscle and bone. it activates enzyme (ATPase) that is essential for normal cell membrane function and is the energy source for the sodium-potassium pump. helps prevent dysrhythmias.
anions
negatively charged ions
examples of anion
chlorine (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (HPO4-)
semipermeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others
diffusion
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins
active transport
energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
plasma
colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended
erythrocytes
red blood cells
hemoglobin
an important iron containing protein within erythrocytes
hematocrit
a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
leukocytes
White blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
transfusion reaction
reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood
type A
the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen
type B
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen
type AB
the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens
type O
the blood group whose red cells carry neither the A nor B antigens
type A blood types
b antibodies, type A or O receive, type A and AB can donate
type B blood types
A antibodies, type B or O receive, type B and AB can donate
type AB blood types
no antibodies, type AB, A, B, O receive, type A, B, AB can donate
type O blood types
A and B antibodies, type O receive, type A, B, AB, O can donate
colloid
a mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out
colloid osmotic pressure
Pressure that tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment.
plasma protein fraction (plasmanate)
plasmanate is a protein containing colloid.
salt poor albumin
salt poor albumin contains only human albumin.
dextran
is not a protein but a large sugar molecule with osmotic properties similar to those of albumin.
hetastarch (hespan)
is a sugar molecule with osmotic properties similar to those of protein. does not have the same side effects as dextran
polygeline (haemaccel)
is a gelatinous colloid with osmotic properties similar to albumin. it is free of side effects and is temp stable with a relative shelf life.
albumin
most abundant plasma protein, 60% of the total protein, made by the liver, plays an important role in osmotic balance, contributes to the viscosity of blood, transportation of lipids/hormones/calcium..., and helps to maintain pH
Rh
any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
isotonic solution
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
hypertonic solution
a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
hypotonic solution
a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
HBOC's
isolated hemoglobin based oxygen carriers-
-resemble blood
-modified to prevent rapid breakdown in the body (can damage kidney)
- work like ordinary RBC's (smaller so can fit in more places)
-lasts only 1 day, bind to nitric oxide and raise BP, abdominal
Lactated ringers
-Isotonic
-expands ECF
-treats HYPOTENSION or BLOOD LOSS
-used for fluid resuscitation with ACIDOSIS or fluid loss from PANCREAS, SMALL BOWEL, saliva or diarrhea
normal saline
Salt and water solution at the physiologic concentration, 0.9%. Also called 0.9%
5% dextrose in water
A carbohydrate solution that uses glucose (sugar) as the solute dissolved in sterile water. Five percent dextrose in water is packed as an isotonic solution but becomes hypotonic once in the body because the glucose (solute) dissolved in sterile water is
Drug cards
see pages 96-111