Fungal infections
These can be either Localized, mucosal tissues and skin or
Systemic which effect the entire body
meningitis
An example of a systemic fungal infection would be __?
1. Candida Albicans (thrush)
2. Tinea (athlete's foot, jock itch or ringworm)
The 2 main groups of fungi are __?
Candida Albicans
This type of fungal infection causes a mucocutaneous lesion in the oral mucosa and/or vaginal mucosa
Nystatin, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole
Treatment for candida albicans is __?
antibiotics
Candida Albicans is common when a patient has been taking __?
1. Athletes foot
2. Jock Itch
3. Ringworm
Some types of Tinea are __?
a type of fungal infection that causes a skin lesion.
Tinea is __?
Miconazole, Tolnaftate, Undecylenic acid
Tinea is treated with __?
Aspergillosis
This is fungal type of pneumonia.
Blastomycosis
This fungal infection is caused by inhalation
Coccidioidomycosis
This type of fungal infection coincides with dust storms due to the number of spores that are carried in the wind when they occur.
Histoplasmosis & Cryptococcosis
These are both spore forming fungal infections that spread from bird droppings
Mucormycosis
This is a serious type of fungal infection that affects the blood vessels and eventually may cause an Myocardial Infarction
Paracoccidioidomycosis
This is a fungal skin disease that causes granulomas to form.
fungal infections
Systemic Mycoses refers to __?
Nystatin
This antifungal agent is used quite often in dental offices as it bind to the fungal cell wall increasing permiability and allowing leakage of "K
Mycostatin
Another name for Nystatin the antifungal is __?
Both
Is Nystatin fungicidal or fungistatic?
Candiasis
Nystatin is most commonly used in treatment of what dental condition?
10-14 days - take it all to ensure the fungi are gone
What is the duration of treatment for Mycostatin?
True
T/F Nystatin is poorly absorbed
False - feces not urine
T/F Nystatin is excreted unchanged in the urine.
increase
As the dosage increases of Nystatin the adverse side effects will __?
1. Clotrimazole
2. Miconazole
3. Ketoconazole
Example of some other antifungals that are also used in dentistry are __?
Clotrimazole
Another name for Mycelex is __?
synthetic
Clotrimazole is a __ antifungal agent.
alters the cell wall permeability causing a loss of cellular components.
How does Mycelex work?
Candida Albicans
What is Clotrimazole (Mycelex) used for mostly?
C
What pregnancy category is Mycelex & Nizoral?
Alters cell membranes & interferes with intracellular enzymes
How does Ketoconazole(Nizoral) work?
1. It is Well-distributed;
2. metabolized in the liver
3. excreted in the kidneys
Pharmokinectics of Ketoconazole(Nizoral)?
1. oral candiasis
2. thrush
3. Severhetic dermatitis
Uses for Ketoconazole(Nizoral) are:
a redness in the creases of skin (eyelids)
Severhetic dermatitis is __?
yeast infections
Fluconazole is used mostly for __?
This auntifungal is well absorbed orally
Characteristics of Diflucan include:
1-2 hours
Fluconazole or diflucan takes how long to affect the body?
80% excreted in Urine and Half life is 30 hours
How much of Diflucan is excreted in the urine and how long is the half life?
Candida and cryptococcus
Fluconazole treats which types of bacteria?
1. yeast infection
2. oral candiasis
3. cryptococcal meningitis
When would you use Fluconazole?
It prevents synthesis of ergosterol in the cell wall.
How does the antifungal Diflucan work?
Itraconazole
This is a systemic antifungal that treat infections of the toenail and fingernails.
Amphtercin B
This type of antifungal is used to treat severe skin infections.
Amphtercin B
This is nicknamed Amphoterrible due to its awful side effects
Produced by Streptomyces
Amphtercin B is produced by __?
Binds to sterols in fungus cell membrane
How does Amphtercin B work?
renal cells & erthrocytes
Amphtercin B may affect __?
Amphtercin B
Severe adverse reactions to this drug can occur and it is given parenterally due to poor absorption from intestines
disrupting cell division
Griseofulvin works by __?
Griseofulvin
Which antifungal is most commonly used for ringworm or severe lesions?
1. GI problems
2. candida overgrowth
Adverse reactions to Griseofulvin include __?
harmed
To kill a virus, often the host cell is __?
obligate intracellular organisms that require cooperation from their host's cells
Viruses are __?
1. Herpes
2. AIDS
3. Herpes Simplex
4. Cold sores
Common dental virus include __?
Herpes Lesions
Acyclovir (Zovirax) treats what condition typically?
purine nucleoside becomes triphosphate-which interferes w/DNA polymerase & replication
Characteristics of Acyclovir include:
15-30%
What type of absorption does Zovirax have?
1. Herpes
2. varicella-zoster (chicken pox and shingles)
3. Epstein-Barr (mono)
4. cytomegalovirus
What does Acyclovir treat?
a burning itching stinging rash
Adverse reactions of zovirax include:
1. Initial genital herpes
2. Recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex
Zovirax is used for treatment of?
Denavir
Another name for Pencyclovir is __?
penciclovir
Which topical antiviral achieves higher concentrations within the cell membrane than acyclovir?
1. Famciclovir
2. Valacyclovir
These 2 antivirals are ised to treat genital herpes and are readily absorbed through the intestinal wall.
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib
3. Protease inhibitors
4. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
5. Zidovudine ( AZT, Retrovir )
What are the 5 antivirals that are used to treat aids?
retrovirus
AIDS is classified as a __?
Antiretroviral agents in combination (ie cocktails)
How is AIDS treated?
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTIs like Nevirapine, VP Viramune
HIV-1 is common in Africa and treated with what type of drugs?
stops viral DNA synthesis
The mechanism of action of AIDS __?
1. Saquinavir: interupts protein synthesis hence cell maturation is not achieved.
2. Can also act on infected cells
What do the Protease inhibitors used in AIDS treatment do?
Amantadine
This antiviral inhibits penatration of the virus into the host cell wall.
Interferon
This antiviral drug is made up of endogenous proteins that as classified as Alpha, Beta, or Gamma
1. GI problems
2. Fatigue
3. Depression
Some side effects of interferon are __?
Hep C
Sometimes interferon is used to treat AIDS or also __?