The neurotransmitter release at voluntary nerve endings is
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter released at the preganglionic sympathetic nerve ending is
Acetylcholine
Which type of drug is used topically to dilate the pupil during an eye exam
Alpha agonist
Drugs that have urinary urgency as a common side effect most specifically contain
Muscarinic Agonist
At times of stress, which of the following occur within the body
Glycogen is broken down and glucose is mobilized
A patient has been given a medication which stimulates bladder contractions to increase urination. What type of receptors have been stimulated
muscarinic
Where do the efferent pathways of the parasympathetic division originate from as they leave the CNS
Cranial and sacral regions
In the peripheral nervous system, which portions send nerve fibers to smooth muscle
Sympathetic, parasympathetic but not voluntary
Which of the following kinds of drugs might be used to delay absorption of a local anesthetic
Alpha agonist
Which receptor when inhibited slows heart rate and decreases force of contraction
Beta 1
Useful in treating postoperative urinary retention
Muscarinic agonist
A possible side effect of adrengeric blocking agents is
Asthmatic wheezing
With a cholinergic drug, sweating is considered a
Side effect
A beta blocking agent can be useful in treating or preventing
Anginal pain
Atropine, an anticholingeric drug, may be used to
treat glaucoma
A muscarinic drug is one that has ___ effect
Parasympathetic-like
Coumarin derivatives are
Anticogulants
A cardiac glycoside is often indicated for a patient with congestive heart failure because it has the effect of increasing the force of contraction and decreasing the rate of contraction. This class of drug is said to have a ___ effect
positive inotropic & negative chronomtropic
An antiarrythmic agent that is used for ventricular arrhythmias in emergency situations because it has a rapid onset and a short duration of action and does not have an anticholinergic effect is
Lidocaine
The antihypertensive agents that shows an increased efficacy for African America patients is
Calcium channel blockers and diurectics
Which antilipemic agent inhibits the enzyme necessary for cholesterol synthesis
Statins
Atrial flutter is
Treated with a cardiac glycoside or an antiarrythmic agent since both are effective
When there is a mismatch in oxygen supply and demand a patient may present with chest pain. To address the chest pain, a drug that relaxes smooth muscle, decreasing blood pressure and ultimately decreases the work of the heart would be prescribed. What cl
Nitroglycerine
In a patient with complete heart block, ventricular rate
is decreased over its former rate
a major side effect of cardiac glycosides is
Ventricular tachycardia
What class of drug is indicated for the control of blood pressure because it acts by inhibiting vasoconstriction and decreases fluid retention
ACE inhibitor
According to the continuum chart anxiety is a sign of
CNS stimulation
Parkinson's may be treated with
Anticholinergic drugs
A drug that induces a loss of consciousness
General Anesthetic
Which of the following non-narcotic analgesic agents has the potential to cause irreversible liver damage with even a single dose
aniline derivatives (tylenol)
All antipsychotic agents block the effects of
Dopamine
___ refers to a state where a patient must continue to increase the dose of the drug in order to achieve the desired effect
Tolerance
A child taking methylphinidate may experience
Suppression of growth, weight loss, malnutrition, increased heart rate and /or cardiac arrhythmias
Antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drugs
Some are general depressants
What class of antidepressant agents are indicated for severe depression
Tricyclics
A common therapeutic use for benzodiazepines is
The treatment of anxiety disorders
A patient having a severe allergic reaction to an ingested food ____ would be the best treatment
Epinephrine
Compare side effects of sympathomimetics and xanthines
Symp - may cause hypertension; Xan may cause hypotension
Specialized types of antihistamines may be used as
antiemetics
Oxygen should be used with caution in some patients because
CO2 intoxication might occur
Expectorants are
recommended for use in patients with bronchiectasis
Which types of gastrointestinal drug is most likely to be prescribed for chronic uses in a patient with heart failure
Cathartic
Which of the following agents can be used to treat heartburn
Antacids
In a case of the common cold, the nasal decongestant of choice is an
adrenergic agent
In cases of coughing that continues for weeks to months
Antitussives are often not the drug of choice
a prophylactic treatment for exercise induced asthma is
mast cell stabilizers
A patient with a wart will be prescribed this class of drug to soften the scale and lossen the outer layers of skin
keratolytic
Which type of anti-infective agent is a protein systhesis inhibitor with a spectrum similar to penicillin and therefore can be used in patients allergic to penicillin as a substitute
Macrolide
A patient with acne with an abundance of blackheads should be prescribed
Tretinoin
The drug of choice to treat wide angle glaucoma is a ____ because it decreases the formation of aqueous humor but does not interfere with night vision
Beta blocker
You are treating a young woman for acne with systemic tetracyline for 3 months. She comes back because she has developed a yeast infection (this is an example of a)
Super Infection
Which of the following is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is resistant to penicillinase and may be effective against Klebsiella Infections
Cephalosporines
A mother brings her young son with 100.3 fever, runny nose, cough. What is most appropriate treatment
Explain it is viral infection, no antibiotics will help call if conditions get worse
What type of drug is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor but is highly toxic and should be reserved for resistant hospital based infections
Glycopeptides
Which type of drug has side effect of blurring distance vision; especially at night
Cholinergic drugs
An agent that has the ability to kill bacteria independent of the immune system
Bacterialcidal
You want to extend the duration of action of an alkaline drug and decrease its elimination from the kidneys. Would you attempt to make the renal tubular fluid more acidic or alkaline
Alkaline; because when the pH is the same there is less ionization and more absorption
Non-competitive antagonist
Binds to a site different from the agonist changing the receptor site; not allowing the agonist to bind
Competitive antagonist
Binds to the same receptor site but can be removed allowing agonist to bind; also the agonist and competitive agonist can be given together to reduce the effect
Compare therapeutic effect and side effect
Therapeutic effect is the effect for which the drug is give; while a side effect is an effect which is not an intended effect for the condition
Name 3 factors that influence the rate of drug passage through a membrane
1 size and shape of the molecule 2 lipid solubility 3 ionization
Bother preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are found in the
involuntary portion of the nervous system
Stimulation of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system tends to cause gastrointestinal walls to
Relax
The neurotransmitter released at skeletal muscle is
Acetylcholine
Pharmacologic action at muscarinic receptors is terminated chiefly by
Cholinesterase
Stimulation causes a consistent vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Alpha
Stimulation may affect skeletal muscle
Nicotinic
Inhibition slows heart rate and force of contraction
Beta 1
Which of the following would be most useful in reversing the symptoms of an allergic reaction
Alpha and beta agonist
Pressure driven movement of nutrients from the glomerulus to Bowman's Capsule is the process of
Filtration
Thizaides MOA
Inhibits Bicarbonate Ion Reabsorption at Proximal Convoluted Tubule and chloride ion reabsorption at ascending loop of Henle; Vasodilates
Furosemide MOA
Powerful inhibition of chloride ion reabsorption from ascending loop of Henle, Vasodilates
Ethacrynic Acid MOA
Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption from proximal convoluted tubule and inhibits chloride ion reasorption from ascending loop of Henle
Spironolactone MOA
Inhibits aldosterone at the descending convoluted tubule,: decreases potassium secretion
Triamterene MOA
Decreases potassium secretion by antagonizing aldosterone receptors
The mechanism of action for majority of diuretics used therapeutically is
To directly or indirectly inhibit ion reabsorption
To correct systemic acidosis the kidney
Increases HCO3- reabsorption and H+ secretion; reabsorbs more bicarbonate ion (instead of chloride ion) in the proximal tubule; actively secretes more H+ instead of K+ in the distal tubule - takes two days to reach maximum effect
To correct system alkalosis the kidney
Eliminates excess bicarbonate ion by reabsorbing less bicarbonate and more chloride; helps retain needed H+ by secreting less H+ and more K+
When sodium ion reabsorption increases at the distal tubule
More potassium and hydrogen ions are secreted
Congestive heart failure ___ cause edema and therefore a diuretic is ___
Can; Indicated
Biguanides
Are the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes. It decreases hepatic glucose production, while decreasing glucose absorption from the intestines and increase glucose uptake in the muscles
The first step in the body's primary response to invasion is the
engulfing of antigens by macrophages
Biphosphonates
are the most frequently prescribed drugs for osteoporosis because they prevent annual bone loss and may actually increase bone deposition
Oral hypoglycemic agents are the treatment of choice for both type 1 and type 2 diabetics
False
Treatment with a vaccine helps a patient develop
Acquired active immunity
Selective Estrogen Modulators (Serms) were discussed primarily to treat
Osteoporosis
Which of the following increases protein breakdown
Glucocorticoids
Which of the following is not a side effect of birth control pills
Colon Cancer; Fatigue
An injection of Rho-Gam in a pregnant women is an example of
Acquired passive immunity
What type of adrenocorticosteroid regulates the sodium and water balance in the body
Mineralocorticoid