An ideal drug could retain its activity indefinitely, both on the shelf and in solution.
Chemical Stability
The property of a drug that does not cause side effects.
Selective
An ideal drug would not interact with other agents.
Freedom from drug Interactions
The study of drugs, how they work, their physical and chemical properties, and the physiologic and biochemical ways by which they change the activity of a living system or part of it.
Pharmacology
An ideal drug should have an easy to recall and pronounce.
Generic Name
The impact of drugs on the body.
Pharmacodynamics
This is the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy.
Pharmacotherapeutics
The best method to use in prescribing medications to a patient is to.
Tailor the drug to the individual
The medication that achieves the desired effect is considered the medication that "does no harm" and achieves the desired effect.
Therapeutic Objective
An ideal drug should be simple to administer, the route should be convenient and the number of doses per day should be low.
Ease of Administration
Before administration of the drug, the certainty of just how a given patient will respond.
Predictable
The impact of the body on drugs.
Pharmacokenetics
Drugs actions will subside within an appropriate time.
Reversible
The most important property of an ideal drug is.
Effective
The property of a drug that does no harm at doses to elicit desired effects..
Safe
The nurse identifies individual patient characteristics which will predispose a patient to an adverse reaction.
High Risk Patient
These drugs can predispose patients to acquiring serious infections.
Anticancer
Patients who have severe _____________ may lack the understanding or motivation needed to self-medicate.
Mental Illness
Meaning as needed or as the occasion arises.
PRN
The type of assessment identifies patients at risk for adverse effects from a drug.
Preadministration Assessment
This medication can cause blood glucose levels to drop precipitously.
Insulin
_______ is defined as a pre-existing condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening.
Precaution
The nurse needs to know this information about a medication prior to administration to maximize therapeutic effect and minimize discomfort & harm.
Adverse Reaction
Weight loss, salt restriction and smoking cessation can be combined with drug therapy of hypertension. What are these interventions called?
Non-drug Measures
________________ is defined as a pre-existing condition that precludes use of a particular drug under all but the most desperate of circumstances.
Contraindication
This medication is used for tuberculosis and imparts a harmless red-orange color to urine, sweat, saliva, and tears.
Rifampin
Who is the patient's last line of defense against medication errors?
Nurse
These drugs cause excessive fluid loss.
Diuretics
A nurse's responsibility regarding medication administration is focused mainly on the __________________________.
5 Rights of Drug Administration
This classification of medication whose protective mechanism is reduced by concurrent therapy with carbamazepien and increased risk for thromboembolism by smoking cigarettes.
Oral Contraceptives
The nurse collects data prior to administering of certain medications. What is this data called?
Baseline
Acuity or limited manual dexterity may be unable to ____________________.
Self Medicate
Name a common adverse effect of aspirin.
Gastric Erosion
The nurse assesses the patient's ability to succeed and be able to self-administer medication as prescribed.
Self-Care Capacity
Name a common adverse effect of antihistamines.
Sedation
The nurse will evaluate a patient's history for absolute contraindications to the administration of a medication.
Pre-Existing History
A nursing diagnosis applicable to almost every patient who is unfamiliar with self-medication and the drug regimen.
Knowledge Deficit
Name a common adverse effect of insulin.
Hypoglycemia
This act has five provisions of particular interest to health professionals: fast track system for AIDS drugs and cancer drugs, manufacturers who plan to stop making a drug must inform patients at least 6 months in advance, a clinical trial database will
FDA Modernization Act
This newsletter focuses on just two or three drugs.
The Medical Letter
This phase is the postmarketing surveillance of the new drug which is released for general use.
Phase IV
Drugs are reviewed by this federal body to be safe and approved for marketing.
FDA
Thalidomide, used by pregnant women as a sedative, caused this rare birth defect characterized by gross malformation or complete absence of arms and legs.
Phocomelia
This is the nonproprietary name or United States adopted name of a name.
Generic
This is the name of a drug that is known as the proprietary or brand name under which the drug is marketed.
Trade
In 1992, what federal body changed legislation to permit that the unknown risks associated with early approval are balanced by the need for effective drugs.
FDA
Contained in the antibiotic, sulfanilamide.
Diethylene Glycol
A drug reference guide compiled expressly for nurses which includes information on administration, assessment, evaluation, and patient education..
Davis Drug
This act was passed in 1938 and was the first legislation to regulate drug safety, motivated by the tragic death of 100 people who used a new medication, sulfanilamide.
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
Drug companies can now give physicians journal articles and certain other information regarding drug usage that has not been evaluated by the FDA.
Off-Label
This is a monthly publication with very current information that addresses most major drug-related developments, new drug FDA warnings, and new uses for old drugs.
Prescribers Letter
This law was created in response to the thalidomide tragedy that occurred in Europe in the early 1960s.
Harris Kefauver Amendment
This is a reference known as a PDR and is financed by the pharmaceutical information. The information on each drug is identical to the information on the package insert.
Physicians Desk Reference
This act was passed by Congress in 1970. It set rules for the manufacture and distribution of drugs considered to have potential for abuse.
Controlled Substance Act
The objective of these two phases is to determine therapeutic effects, dosage range, and safety.
Phase II and III
The category of drugs that have no accepted medical use in the United States and are deemed to have a high potential for abuse.
Schedule I
The first American law (1906) to regulate drugs, was very weak, and only required drugs to be free of adulterants.
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act
Until recently, very little drug testing was done on this population.
Women
Be neither the first to adopt the new nor the last to abandon the old.
New Drug Guideline
Until recently, like women, this population has been excluded from clinical trials of drugs.
Children
The name of a drug that is the nomenclature of chemistry.
Chemical
These trials are conducted in normal volunteers unless severe side effects would cause concern such as with anticancer drugs.
Phase I
Also, known as biotransformation is defined as enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure.
Metabolism
When the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the dose administered, average drug levels will remain constant and plateau will have been achieved.
Plateau
This is the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%.
Drug Half-Life
These are preparation from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time. The effects of a single IM injection may persist for days, weeks, or even months.
Depot Preparation
In performing a peak and trough drug level test, the nurse knows that he or she should draw the peak blood draw 15 to 30 minutes following intravenous infusion and the trough immediately prior to administration of the intravenous infusion.
Peak and Trough
This is drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells. Decreased lean body mass common in the elderly is likely to affect this.
Distribution
A group of 12 closely related enxyme families, designated CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, which metabolizes drugs.
Cytochrome P450
This route of administration is both instantaneous, complete, and eliminates the need for absorption.
IV
When plateau must be achieved more quickly, alarge initail dose can be administered. This large initial dose is called: ________.
Loading Does
This term refers to the rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs which occurs during metabolism. To circumvent, the medication will be given sublingually or Increase the time interval between doses.
First-pass Effect
This is the term to describe plasma levels which have toxic effects.
Toxic Concentration
The route of administration by means of injection via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular.
Parenteral
When a drug is administered repeatedly, the highest level is referred to as:
Peak Concentration
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.
Absorption
After high drug levels have been established with a loading dose, plateau can be maintained by giving smaller doses. These smaller doses are referred to as: ________________.
Maintenance Dose
The pharmacokinetics of this administration is nearly identical to those of IM administration.
SQ
This is defined as the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur.
Minimum Effective Concentration
This form of administration is easy, convenient, and inexpensive. The percentage that becomes absorbed is the same in the elderly and the young.
Oral
The objective of drug dosing is to maintain plasma drug levels within the ___________________ because a direct correlation between therapeutic and toxic responses for most drugs does exist.
Therapeutic Range
This is the movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body. The most important cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly is reduced renal excretion and measured by a creatinine clearance.
Excretion
A therapeutic index of 18 compared to a therapeutic index of 4 explains that the ________________ is greater for the drug with the 18 index rating than the 4 index rating.
Margin of Safety
The route of administration via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Enteral
This is the study of drug movement throughout the body.
Pharmacokinetics
When a drug is administered repeatedly in the same dose, plateau will be reached in approximately _____________.
4 � Lifes
When a drug is administered repeatedly, the lowest level is referred to as:
Trough Concentration
This is a drug that undergoes rapid hepatic metabolism that it is largely without effect following oral administration.
Nitro Glycerin
Most drugs, movement throughout the body is dependent on the ability to penetrate membranes directly. In order to penetrate membranes directly, a drug must be _________________.
Lipid Soluble
The first advantage of this route of administration is used for poorly soluble drugs. A second advantage is the administration of depot preparations.
IM
The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced.
Pharmacodynamics
A large therapeutic index indicates that a drug is relatively ________________.
Safe
These produce beneficial effects by blocking the actions of endogenous regulatorymolecules or by blocking the actions of drugs.
Antagonist
A small therapeutic index indicates that a drug is relatively ________________.
Unsafe
Anacids, antiseptics, saline laxative, and chelating agents are common examples of _____________________.
Receptorless Drugs
This index is determined using lab animals and is defined as the ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50.
Therapeutic Index
This is the dose that is lethal to 50% of animals treated.
Average Lethal Does
Also known as ED50 or standard dose, this is the dose that is required to produce a defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population.
Average Effective dose
The molecules that activate receptors.
Agonist
This medication taken with a second medication can reduce the therapeutic effects in the lungs of the second medication. Name these two medications which represent a detrimental inhibitory interaction.
Albuterol and Propranolol
To administer a drug ______________ means to administer it with or shortly after a meal.
With Food
If two medications are combined in IV solutions, precipitate occurs, that solution should be discarded. What type of drug-drug interaction is this?
Direct Chemical
Interactions that result in reduced drug effects.
Inhibitory
This food raises drug levels by inhibiting that drugs metabolism up to three days after ingestion.
Grapefruit Juice
The risk of serious _______________________ is directly proportional to the number of medications the patient is taking.
Drug-Drug Interactions
The interaction between these two medications represents a detrimental potientiative interaction. Name these two medications.
Aspirin and Warfarin
A patient who takes two medications, one may intensify the effects of the other.
Potientiative
The interaction between these two medications represents a beneficial potientiative interaction. Name these two medications.
Sulbactam and Ampicillin
A beneficial inhibitory interaction is the use of a medication to treat the overdose of a second medication. Name those medications.
Naloxone and Morphine
To administer a drug _________________________ means to administer it either one hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal.
On An Empty Stomach
A patient is receiving this medication ____________, a drug with a strong attraction to albumin. While taking the medication, the patient begins to take a second drug, _______________ that also has a strong attraction to albumin. The nurse would need to w
Warfarin and Gentamicin
The majority of drug metabolism is catalyzed by the ___________ group of enzymes. When these enzymes are inhibited, a drug simultaneously given will reach higher than intended levels in the body.
Cytochrome P450
ADR are most common in the _________ and the very young.
Elderly
A life-threatening response characterized by bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and a precipitous drop in blood pressure. The patient may present with difficulty breathing, low BP and hives.
Anaphylaxis
Defined as a drug-induced birth defect.
Teratogenic Effect
A dependence inducing drug that with abrupt removal can cause withdrawal reactions such as diarrhea and generalized pain. Patients should be warned against abrupt discontinuation of this medication and placed on a tapering method.
Opiod
Severe liver injury can result if this medication is taken with just two or three drinks of alcohol.
Acetaminophen
Defined as an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition. Example: A person who has a very prolonged effect from the drug succinylcholine at a standard dosage is experiencing prolonged paralysis.
Idiosyncratic Effect
Once the immune system has been sensitized to a drug, re-exposure to that drug can trigger an __________________. The intensity can range from mild itching to severe rash to anaphylaxis. The degree of sensitization determines the intensity, however, scrat
Allergic Reaction
An noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug dose (World Health Organization)
ADR
Patients taking hepatotoxic drugs should undergo a baseline and periodic __________________.
Liver Function Test
The ability of certain medications and environmental chemicals to cause cancer.
Carcinogenic Effect
A disease produced by a physician or by drugs. An example is a patient on antidepressants develops signs of Parkinson's.
Iatrogenic Disease
Defined as a nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses.
Side Effect
This is a state in which the body has adapted to prolonged drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued abruptly.
Physical Dependence
Defined as an adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing.
Toxicity
The term refers to the familiar type of tolerance associated with long-term administration of drugs. It can occur with morphine and heroin.
Pharmacodynamic Tolerance
A certain drug that can induce synthesis of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, therby causing rates of drug metabolism to increase, thus, the dose must be increased to maintain therapeutic drug levels.
Barbiturates
Name a medication that could have an altered dru effect occurring in response to electrolyte imbalance.
Digoxin
Name a medication that can cause pharmacodynamic tolerance which requires increased drug levels to produce effects that could formerly be elicited at lower drug levels.
Morphine
The term that refers to the ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration. Usually occurs with oral preparations such as: tablets, enteric coatings, sustained release.
Bioavailability
Adjusting dosage to account for body weight, the nurse bases the adjustment on ________________ rather than on weight.
Body Surface Area
Defined as that component of a drug response that is caused by psychological factors and not by the biochemical or physiologic properties of the drug.
Placebo Effect
Defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time.
Tachyphalaxis
This is the most important factor affecting adherence to a drug regimen.
Patient Education
______ and women respond differently to the same drug and little is know as to how and why.
Men
This is a preparation that is devoid of intrinsic pharmacologic activity.
Placebo
Defined as tolerance resulting from accelerated drug metabolism over days or longer to develop.
Metabolic Tolerance
Name a medication that can cause a depletion of a cofactor required for that medication to act and must be administered on an intermittent schedule to allow the cofactor to be replenished.
Nitroglycerine
Defined as decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration.
Tolerance