++ --
operators that add and subtract one from their operands
prefix increment
increments value of operand then used value in context
what are the two parts of a while loop?
Expression and block
Pre-test loop
what kind of test is a while loop?
place a semi colon after the test expression
how to make a while loop a null statement?
never
statements in a while loop may ___ be executed
at least once
statements in a do while loop may be executed ___
initialization, test, and update
what are the three expressions of a for loop
initialization
only executed once in a for loop
post test loop
what kind of test is a do while loop?
continue statement
used to stop a loops current iteration and begin the next one
increment
increase value by one
decrement
decrease value by one
prefix mode
when increment operator precedes its operand
loop
control structure that causes a statement or group of statements to repeat
something to make it false
what must you include in a while loop so that it doesnt become an infinite loop
counter
variable that is incremented or decremented each time a loop iterates
sentinel
special value that marks the end of a list of values
when you know how many time you want to iterate
when is a for loop a good choice
break
causes a loop to terminate early
fstream
to allow file access in a program you must include this file header
file buffer
a small holding section of memory that file bound information is written to
stream insertion operator
used to write into a file
ofstream
to write data to a file you must define an object with this data type
ifstream
to read data from a file you must define an object with this data type
outfile<< number
writes teh contents of number to the file
dataFile.close()
closes a file
opened
what must a file be before data can be written to or read from it
arrays
can hold multiple variables
elements
individual values contained in arrays
int array[10];
valid array definition
int grades[] = [100,90..];
implicit array sizing
by using same subscript
how can you build relationships between data stored in two or more arrays
name
__ of an array stores memory address of the first array element
several identical arrays put together
a two dimensional array is like....
rows and columns
a two dimensional array can be viewed as...
data type
arrays values must be ______ to be stored
constant integer expression
an arrays size declarator must be a ______ with a value greater than zero
zero
subscript numbering begins with ___
initialized, declared
arrays may be ___ at the time they are ___
for loop
an array can easily be stepped through by using a...
range variable
the range-based for loop is designed to work with a built in variable known as...
loop
to assign the contents of one array to another you must use a...
name of an array
you pass the ____ to pass it as an argument to a function
one
a two dimensional array can have elements of ___ data type
same length, different length, and uninitialized elements
a two dimensional array of characters can contain strings of :
an initialization list
can be used to specify the starting values of an array
null terminator
is automatically appended to a character array when it is iitialized with a string constant
illegal
an array with no element is ___ in c++
legal
it is ___ to pass an argument to a function that contains an individual array element
vector < int > v;
correctly defines a vector
vector < int > n {10, 20}
correctly inititalizes a vector of ints named n with values 10 & 20
vector < int > v(10);
creates a vector object with a starting size of 10
vector < int > v (10,2);
creates a vector object with a starting size of 10 and initializes all values to 2
push_back
inserts item into a vector
size
returns the number of elements in a vector
pop_back
removes an item from a vector
empty
returns true if vector has no elements
true
amount of memory used by an array depends on data type and number of elements in array
false
an array inittialized list must be placed on one single line
true
when you pass an array to a function the function can modify the contents of the array
true
you cannot use a range-based loop to modify the contents of an array unless you declare the range variable as a reference
false
if you store data past an arrays boundaries it will issue an error
function
collection of statements that perform a specific task
function definition
contains the statements that make up the function
only one
a function can have many parameters but return _____ value
called
a function is executed when it is ___
local variable
defined inside a function and not accessible outside
static variable
persists between function calls
default arguments
passed to parameters automatically if no argument is provided in function call
reference variable
allows a function to access the parameters original argument
return statement
causing function to end
exit()
causes function to terminate immediately
function call
statement that causes a function to execute
argument
info passed to a function
parameter
info received by a function
function prototype
eliminates the need to place a function definition before all calls to a function
global variable
declared outisde all functions
stub
dummy function
true
a parameter is a special variable declared inside ()
false
a functions return data type must be the same as the fucntion prototype
false
when a function is called flow control moves to a function prototyep