floral formula
sepals petals stamens carpels
Liliaceae
Lily Family
-3 parted family
-3 or 6 petals
(can be in clusters)
- basal rosettes
-parallel venation
-monocot
- annuals or root-perennials
- 3 or 6 stamens
- single pistil
- 3 chambered ovaries
- dry capsules
- usually superior ovaries
ex. lilies, small h
Scrophulariaceae
Snapdragon Family
- 5 parted family
- 2 lipped, zygomorphic
- single pistil
- four stamens
- superior ovary
- multi seeded capsule fruit
- 2 chambered ovary
-tubular corolla w/ lips (bilabiate)
-odorless
-usually alternate leaves
ex. figworts, snapdragons
Lamiaceae
Mint Family
- 5 parted family
- 2 lipped, zygomorphic
- 2 or 4 stamens
- 1 pistil
-square stems
-opposite leaves
-bilabiate
-minty/herbal smell
- 4 lobed ovaries
ex. mint
Solanaceae
Nightshade Family
- 5 parted family
-fused/touching anthers form pointed cone
- 5 stamens
- single pistil
-alternate leaves
-berries
-regular flowers (not bilabiate)
- foul smelling
- superior ovary
2 carpelled berries and capsule fruit, many seeds
ex. ni
Brassicaceae
Mustard Family
- 4 parted family
- crossed petals
-tetradynamous stamens (4 tall, 2 short)
-dry fruits; silique or silicle (parietal plantation)
-white, yellow, or deep purple flowers
ex. mustard
Fabaceae
The Pea family
Subfamilies:
- Faboideae
- Cesalpinoideae
- Mimosoideae
- herbs, shrubs, trees
- zygomorphic flowers
- compound leaves
- legume fruit
- stipules modified into glands or spines
- nitrogen-fixing nodules in roots
ex. peas & beans
Asteraceae
Sun Flower Family
- head made of small flowers
- greatly reduced calyx
- 5 stamens united by anthers
- can be single or clusters
three types: ligulate, thistles, and heads
ex. sunflowers
Polygonaceae
Buckwheat Family
- 3 parted family
- 4 to 6 tepals
- small pink or white flowers (clusters)
- herbaceous annuals, pereniials, small shrubs with jointed stems
- 3 to 9 stamens
- single pistil
- 3 sided ovary
- small hard fruit; achenes
- 3 sided ovary
Boraginaceae
Borage Family
- 5 parted family
- 5 stamens
- 1 pistil
- bristly hair
- small bell shaped flowers (scorpioid cymes)
- superior ovaries
- herbaceous annuals
- alternate leaves
- 4 lobed ovary
- 4 dry fruit nutlets
Hydrophyllaceae
Waterleaf Family
- 5 parted family
- glandular hairs
- cup, bell, or tubular shaped
- partly fused sepals
- 5 stamens
- single pistil
- forked style
- 2 chambered ovary
- capsule fruit
Onagraceae
Evening Primerose Family
- 4 parted family
- 4 or 8 stamen
- single stamen
- cup or saucer shaped
- inferior ovary
- four chambered ovary
- capsule fruit
Papaveraceae
Poppy Family
- 4 parted family
- 6 or more stamens
- single pistil
- saucer shaped
- RARELY zygomorphic
- superior ovary
- many seeded capsule
- alternate or whorlled leaves
Rosaceae
Rose Family
- Subfamilies: Rosoideae, Prunoideae, Maloideae, Spiraeoideae
- 5 petals
- numerous stamens
- shallow bowl or cup shape
- herbaeous annuals, perennials, shrubs, small trees
- alternate leaves
Roseideae
Rose subfamily
- many apocarpous pistils
- achenes/druplets form aggregated fruits
ex. raspberry, rose
Prunoideae
Rose subfamily
- single monocarpellate pistil
- matures into a relatively large, one-seeded drupe
ex. cherries and peaches
Maloideae
Rose subfamily
- ovary is inferior
- surrounded by the overgrowth of hypanthium
- pome fruit
ex. apples, pears
Spiraeoideae
Rose family
- one to many apocarpous pistils
- mature into dry follicles bearing one or many seeds or into wind-dispersed achenes with a plumose
style that aids in wind dispersal
- long fuzzy fruit
Fagaceae
The Oak Family
- shrubs or trees
- simple or pinnately lobed leaves
- petal-less catkins (male flowers)
- few stamens on males
- acorns or nuts
- single flowers or small in clusters (female flowers)
Faboideae
Pea subfamily
- papilionoid/ zygomorphic flower
- 5 petals
- often in spikes or cluster
- 5 or 10 stamens (often joined)
- compound, palmate, or trofoliate leaves
Cesalpinoideae
Palo-verde subfamily
(pea subfamily)
- bilaterial, zygomorphic flowers
- 5 petals
- pinnate, bipinnate, or bilobed leaves
- 10 stamens
- legume
Mimosoideae
Mesquite subfamily
(pea subfamily)
- legumes
- small pink, yellow, or white flower clusters/spikes
- 5 petals
- 5 or many stamens
- single pistil
- superior ovary
- bi-pinnately compound leaves
Cactaceae
Cactus Family
- studded with clusters of spines in rows or spirals
- fleshy green stems
- multi-petaled flowers
- numerous stamens
- inferior ovary
Poaceae
Grass family
- blade-like leaves
- round, hollow stems
- tiny, mostly
bisexual flowers without petals and arranged in turn into spikelets
- the fruits are dry, hard caryopses
called "grains"
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Gymnosperms
Conifers and allies
- trees or woody perennials
- linear or acicular leaves
- female cone are always larger than male cones
- males contain pollen sacs (may have clumps of pollen around them)
- ex. cones
Pteridophytes
Ferns and allies
- leaves = fronds
- leaves + roots + true stems + trunks
- pinnately or fractally compound fronds
- have sori or spore clusters (under fronds)
- short underground rhizome
lamina
leaf blade
stipules
little leaf buds at base of petiole
like axillary buds but leaves
leaf venation types
#NAME?
leaflet vs compound leaf
leaflet:
- no axillary bud
- on rachis NOT stem
- usually pinnate
monocot vs dicot
monocot
- parallel venation
- petals in 3s
- one pore or furrow
- fiborous roots
- single cotyledon
dicot
- Tap root
- vein like venation
- three pores or furrows
- petals in 2,4, or 5s
- leaves branch from stem
- two cotyledon
leaf arrangement types
#NAME?
carpel
carpel > pistil
pistil > stigma + style + ovary
stamen
stamen > anther + filament
modified underground stems (3)
#NAME?
modified above-ground stems (3)
#NAME?
fruit types (4)
- multi-seed dry fruits
- one-seeded dry fruits
- fleshy fruits
- false fruits
examples of one-seed dry fruits (4)
#NAME?
achene
ex sunflower seed
caryopis
ex. corn
samara
nut
examples of fleshy fruits (5)
#NAME?
drupe
ex. peach
berry
pepo
fruit with thick rind
ex. watermelon, pumpkin, cucumber
pome
ex. apples
hesperidium
examples of false fruits
#NAME?
accessory
ex. strawberries
aggregate
ex. grape
hip
ex. from rose family; maybe pomegrante
syconium
ex. fig
mulitple
ex. raspberry, pineapple
multi-seed dry fruits (5)
#NAME?
capsules
legumes
follicle
silique
silique has seeds in the middle of two parts
silicle
petiole vs sessile
sessile - on base of stem
petiole - connect to stem by pedicle
evolution of cactus stem
gradual shortening of internodes and reduction of leaves into spines
fractal "trees
same amount of trees and branches. differ in inter-nodes and angles
modified above ground stem
#NAME?
modified below ground stem
#NAME?
Root types
tuberous, fibrous, tap root
annual
life span of one year or less
biennial
life span of two years, flowers in second
perennial
life span of two years or more
herbaceous stem
non-woody above ground stems, usually die back each year
shrub
woody perennial with more than one principle stem
(less than 20 ft)
tree
woody perennial with single main stem
vine
annual plant with elongate, flexible, non self supporting stem
liana
woody perennial with elogate, flexible, non self supporting stem
caespitose
#NAME?
twining
#NAME?
climbing
#NAME?
spreading
#NAME?
prostrate
#NAME?
leaf modifications
bract
sheath
spine
tendril
phyllode
lamina
blade of leaf
phyllode
giant leaf replacing petiole
leaf surfaces
pubescent- leaf w/ hairs
glabrous- w/o hairs
glaucous - covered with whitish waxy bloom
pubescent
leaf w/ hairs
glaucous
leaf covered with whitish waxy bloom
glabrous
leaves w/o hairs
perianth consists of
petal and sepal
stamen consists of
anther and filament
pistil consists of
stigma and style and ovary
calyx aka
sepal
corolla aka
petal
androecium is
male part of flower
gynocium is
female part of flower
complete flower
is not unisex; angiosperm
imperfect flower
is unisexual
monoecious
have male and female reproductive parts in one individual
dioecious
having male and female reproductive parts in separate parts
hypogynous
ovary superior
perigynous
ovary superior
epigynous
ovary inferior
symmetry types
actinomorphic
zygomorphic
androecium
male parts; stamens
contains pollen
gynoecium
...
evolution of pistil
floral bract > folding into pistil
placentation types
marginal
parietal
axile
free central
basal
inflorescence parts
pedicel - flower branch
rachis - upper stem
penducle - lower stem
true leaves
bracts - little leaves on branches
inflorescence arrangement types
corymb
umbel
head
raceme
catkin
spike
panicle
cyme
helocoid cyme
ferns reproduce by
spores
monoecious family example
gymnosperm
male cones
micro strobili, small forming cones
female cones
woody or papery bracts
areoles
cluster of spines in modified axillary buds
cactus have what kind of ovary
inferior ovary with many stigma lobes
Rosaceae uses
drupes: plums, cherries, apriots, peaches, almonds
Pomes: apples, pears
Aggegrates: blackberries, raspberries
accessory: strawberries
Poaceae uses
#NAME?
Fabaceae uses
beans, gums, pulses, alfalfa, clovers
Solancaceae uses
potato, eggplant, tomato, chillies, bell pepper, tabacco
Brassicaceae uses
edible roots: radish, turnip
spices: wasabi, mustard seed, horseradish
kale, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brusselsprouts
Asteraceae uses
oil seeds: sunflower
greens: lettuce, artichoke
aromatic/medicine: absinthe, tarragon
Lamiaceae uses
herbs: oregano, thyme, basil, mint, sage
essential oils
Liliaceae uses
edible bulbs: onions
edible spring buds: asparagus
agave
Cactaceae uses
pricky pears, dragonfruit
nopales
peyote
Polygonaceae uses
seas-side grape, rhubarb, buckwheat
Papaveraceae
opium
Boraginaceae uses
borage, alkanet
Scorphulareaceae uses
foxglove
mega-strobili
female ovulate cones
micro-strobili
male pollen cones