Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument?
main point
look for conclusion indicator, premise, context.
what does the author want me to believe?
Why should I believe this? Is it supported?
Identify Indicators
Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?
Most strongly supported
no outside knowledge
FIND SUPPORT IN THE STIMULUS
not said in the stimulus you can use it
The claim that some painters are superior to others in the execution of their artistic visions plays which one of the following roles in the argument?
argument part
identify relationship
analyze relationship
The economist's statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?
Most strongly supported
no outside knowledge
FIND SUPPORT IN THE STIMULUS
not said in the stimulus you can use it
Which one of the following is best supported by the information above?
Most strongly supported
no outside knowledge
FIND SUPPORT IN THE STIMULUS
not said in the stimulus you can use it
-which answer choice has some support and which four have no support whatsoever.
Of the following, which one, if true, is the logically strongest counter that Cassie can make to Melvin's argument?
Weaken
you have to take away the support
Find the support. attack it.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the argument?
Main Point
Find mani conclusion
1. what does the author want me to believe?
2. Why should I believe this?
3. Identify indicators
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in Leslie's argument?
Main Point
Find main conclusion
1. what does the author want me to believe?
2. why should i believe this, is there support?
3. Identify indicators
Which one of the following most precisely describes the role played in the scientist's argument by the statement that chemical R did not cause cancer in laboratory rats?
argument part
Identify relationship, analyze it
Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?
Weaken
Find support and ruin the support, find premise that doesn't allow it to lead to the conclusion
If the shareholder's statements are true, which one of the following is most strongly supported by them?
Most strongly supported
-only 1 has support in the stimulus, check
are any of the answer choices just reworded points in the stimulus? if so=supported
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn in the argument above?
weaken
find the premise that could lead to another conclusion
undermines
weakens
find premise that can lead to another conclusion
Which one of the following would, if true, most weaken the psychologist's argument?
weaken
identify support
find premise that can lead to another conclusion
Which one of the following statements follows logically from the statements above?
Must be true
looking for validity
need evidence in stimulus to support you
focus on details
no room for assumptions to be made
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the ecologist's statements?
Must be true
looking for validity
need evidence in stimulus to support you
focus on details
no room for assumptions to be made
The lawyer's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
sufficient assumption
you're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid.
You have to build a conditional bridge from the premises to the conclusion.
follows logically, a certain side of an argument
sufficient assumption
you're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid.
You have to build a conditional bridge from the premises to the conclusion.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
strengthen
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the conclusion.
The conclusion of the psychiatrist's argument is most strongly supported if which one of the following completes the argument?
strengthen
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the conclusion.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?
pseudo sufficient assumption
Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the reasoning above?
Weaken
your task is to expose and deny any assumptions made, thereby weakening the support structure between the premises
find premise, find an answer choice that can lead to a different conclusion
Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the psychologist's conclusion?
strengthen
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the conclusion.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the advice columnist's argument?
pseudo sufficient assumption
identify principles, turn decent argument to valid
most helps to justify
pseudo sufficient assumption
identify principles, turn decent argument to valid
Which one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion of the therapist's argument to be properly inferred?
sufficient assumption
-properly inferred
you're given the conclusion and all the premises (minus one). You're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid
The critic's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
sufficient assumption
you're given the conclusion and all the premises (minus one). You're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid
Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument?
strengthen
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the conclusion.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following is most strongly supported on the basis of them?
Most strongly supported
only one answer choice has support.
are any answer choices rewording of the stimulus?
Which one of the following, if true, adds the most support to the argument?
strengthen
build the bridge
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the co
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the real estate agent's argumentation?
pseudo sufficient assumption
identify principles, move argument from decent to valid
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information above?
must be true
need evidence in your stimulus,
looking for validity no room to make assumptions
The information above provides the most support for which one of the following propositions?
Most strongly supported
only one have support
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument in the newspaper article?
Weaken
your task is to expose and deny any assumptions made, thereby weakening the support structure between the premises
find premise, find an answer choice that can lead to a different conclusion
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?
most strongly supported
only one has support, find support in the stimulus.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the botanist's argument?
Main point
1. what is the author trying to persuade me of?
2. Why should I believe this?
3. identify indicators
The argument's conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
sufficient assumption
add premise to make argument valid. turning arguments perfect, look for longest assumptions. connect the bridge
Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the mathematics teacher's argument?
pseudo sufficient assumption
identify principle and find an answer choice that will make it valid. connect and strengthen the bridge
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
sufficient assumption
add premise to make argument valid. turning arguments perfect, look for longest assumptions. connect the bridge
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the economist's reasoning?
strengthen
build the bridge
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the co
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the archaeologist's reasoning?
strengthen
build the bridge
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the co
Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the farmer's argument by the proposition that farmers have to use greater and greater amounts of costly insecticides to control insect pests?
argument part
1. identify relationship
2. analyze relationship
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the gardener's argument?
Main Point
1. what is the author trying to persuade me of?
2. why should I believe this?
3. identify indicators
role played in argument"
"which of the following roles"
"describe the role"
"is in ___ argument in which following ways
Argument Part question stems
identify relationship
analyze it
Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above?
Weaken
find answer choice that doesn't allow premise to lead to conclusion
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify Marian's argument?
Pseudo Sufficient Assumption
look at principles, analyze, create a stronger bridge
Whats Pseudo Sufficient Assumption
bringing an argument from decent to valid using conditional reasoning
LSAT principles- conditional statements about human contact
Look for "Most Justify
Whats a Weaken question
Need to take away the support, dont contradict other conclusion. Find the answer choice that strips the existing premises of its supportive power
-DONT TOUCH CONCLUSION OR PREMISE
Calls into question
to weaken
whats main point
conclusion is stimulus. tunnel vision!!
be aware of sentences that dont make sense to the argument, complex argument structures with sub conclusions and main conclusions
Reporting others opinions in main point arguments
is NOT the argument or their position
ex. "most experts believe
Be aware of thus in main point questions
too easy
conclusion--- "since" "because
premise is followed
LR reasoning general approach
identify question stem
read stimulus
decide if its an argument
whats argument part
similar to main point but backward
-you are given a small part of the argument and asked to select one "label" from 5 presented in answer choices
correct answer choice contains label that accurately describes the part of the argument that the question ste
two steps for argument part questions
1. identify relationship
2. Analyze the relationship
hint: it won't be the main conclusion its too obvious.
whats sufficient assumption
Bringing an argument from decent to perfect
- You are looking for the missing piece that will make the argument perfect and avoid all assumptions.
-LSAT will usually test you on the longest connections between premises
If in an S.A question
given the conclusion and all the premise but one.
-you need to supply the missing premise that will make the argument valid
will introduce the sufficient.
"follows logically" answer choice needs to be valid.
RELATE TO CONCLUSION
build the conditional brid
Whats most strongly supported
any support will do
only 1/5 will support
t matter what you think, look for what support is provided
-the conclusion is removed from stimulus and put into the answer choices
Whats must be true
need to find evidence within stimulus to support you.
-don't rely on conditional reasoning
"properly inferred above"
DETAIL ORIENTATED
whats a strengthen question
add additional premise, add information the to existing premises to make it more relevant to the conclusion
bringing an argument from decent to good
You are leaving room for assumption
"provides the most support
if assumed
Sufficient Assumption
follows logically if which one of the following is assumed
sufficient assumption
you're given the conclusion and all the premises (minus one). You're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid
which one of the following can be properly inferred from Dr. Z Statement
Must be true
"properly inferred"
you are asked to select an answer choice such that when the statements in the stimulus are true, the right answer choice must also be true. In other words, your task is to formulate a valid argument.
which one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage
must be true
you are asked to select an answer choice such that when the statements in the stimulus are true, the right answer choice must also be true. In other words, your task is to formulate a valid argument.
If the critic's statements are true, then on the basis of them which one of the following CANNOT be true?
Must be false
which of the following can be properly concluded from this statementn
must be true
you are asked to select an answer choice such that when the statements in the stimulus are true, the right answer choice must also be true. In other words, your task is to formulate a valid argument.
the statement that the car Peter took got damaged and the car Alicia took did not play which one of the following roles in the argument
Argument Part
identify relationship
analyze it
following assumed"
"If assumed"
"follows logically if
Sufficient Assumption
you're given the conclusion and all the premises (minus one). You're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid
Follows logically if which one of the following is assumed
sufficient assumption
you're given the conclusion and all the premises (minus one). You're asked to supply that missing premise which will make the argument valid
what are MBF questions
must be false
circle 4 right answers that correlate with each other.
-"logically consistent except"
-make an inference, negate, find similar answer
what are method of reasoning questions
similar to the argument part
descriptive, answers are the map to the logical reasoning
techniques"
"uses what techniques"
"Proceeds by"
"describes"
"reply
method of reasoning question stems
ask you to identify the role that a certain statement is playing within the larger argument, or sometimes, ask you to describe how the entire argument works in abstract terms.
p
P?c
______________
c
(S.A question)
finding P?C
P
P?C
___________
C
Principle question/ conditional statement
you are finding P & C
P
P?C
-----------
C
The inference
you are finding C
What are parallel method of reasoning questions
Decriptive method of reasoning questions
heavy use of lawgic, hide esy argument structure
Hint: If it talks about subject in the answer its wrong
pattern of reasoning"
"most similar
Parallel Method of reasoning
you aren't making inferences. Rather, you are just trying to find another argument that contains the same structure as the stimulus.
:arguments reasoning is questionable"
"argument is flawed because"
"Vulnerable to criticism
Flawed argument question stems
find answer choice that best explains why these specific premises dont support conclusion
-forget about actual truth
the argument relies on which of the following questionable assumptions
Necessary Assumption
a necessary assumption is really just an unstated premise.
t's called "necessary" because without this premise the argument will fail.
The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
sufficient assumption
in sufficient assumption questions, you are looking for an answer choice that, if true, would definitely, 100%, beyond all shred of a doubt, make the conclusion valid
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
Flaw/ Descriptive
remember common flaws
find answer choice that explains why these specific premises dont support the conclusion
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the statements above?
resolve, reconcile, explain
One of the answer choices will explain how these two seemingly difficult to reconcile facts could both be true, and you just have to pick it out of the bunch.
The dean's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
Flaw/ Descriptive
consider common flaws
find answer choice that best explains why these specific premises dont support the conclusion
In the exchange above, the function of Craig's comment is to
method of reasoning
Frank's argument is an attempt to counter Lance's conclusion by
method of reasoning
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the puzzling facts stated above?
Resolve, reconcile, explain
One of the answer choices will explain how these two seemingly difficult to reconcile facts could both be true, and you just have to pick it out of the bunch.
If the statements above are true, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT:
must be false
Which one of the following, if true, most calls into question the claim above?
Weaken
you have to take away the support, find another answer choice that will lead to a different conclusion.
Of the following propositions, which one is best illustrated by the daily farmer's statements?
Most strongly supported
-only 1 has support in the stimulus, check
are any of the answer choices just reworded points in the stimulus? if so=supported
The statement that the educational use of computers enables schools to teach far more courses with far fewer teachers figures in the argument in which one of the following ways?
Argument Part
identify relationship, then analyze it
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument as a whole?
Main Point
1. what is the author trying to persuade me of
2. why should I believe this?
3. look for indicators
In the conversation, Hernandez responds to Green's objection in which one of the following ways?
method of reasoning
ask you to identify the role that a certain statement is playing within the larger argument, or sometimes, ask you to describe how the entire argument works in abstract terms.
Which one of the following situations violates the food labeling regulation?
must be false
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the essayist's reasoning?
Pseudo Sufficient Assumption
identify principles, make argument valid
Which one of the following most accurately describes the technique Randi uses in responding to Helen's claims?
method of reasoning
ask you to identify the role that a certain statement is playing within the larger argument, or sometimes, ask you to describe how the entire argument works in abstract terms.
Which one of the following, if true, adds the most support for the conclusion of the argument?
Strengthen
build the bridge
add additional premise
you can add information that makes the existing premises more relevant to the conclusion
expose and affirm any assumptions made, thereby strengthening the support structure between the premises and the co
Which one of the following statements can be properly inferred from the statements above?
Must be true
only one of them will work,
ruin all chances of assumption
find evidence in the stimulus
Terry responds to Kris's argument by doing which one of the following?
method of reasoning
ask you to identify the role that a certain statement is playing within the larger argument, or sometimes, ask you to describe how the entire argument works in abstract terms.
Which one of the following, if true, is the logically strongest counter that Albert can make to Erin's argument?
Weaken
you have to take away the support
Find the support. attack it.
To attack an argument you may attack:
support
consequently
conclusion is followed
therefore
conclusion is followed
as a result
conclusion is followed
so
conclusion is followed
for, since, because
Words or phrases that are usually followed by premise(s) but contain the conclusion:
given that
premise is followed
for the reason that
premise is followed
on the grounds that
premise is followed
after all
premise is followed
owing to
premise is followed
that is why
conclusion is followed
we may infer that
conclusion is followed
it must be that
conclusion is followed
it follows that
conclusion is followed
it entails
conclusion is followed
accordingly
conclusion is followed
it follows that
conclusion is followed
it implies that
conclusion is followed