Gilly Duncan
- reputation as a new healer ( made miraculous recoveries to the sick and disabled )
- not old or isolated
- 1st ACCUSED
- maid servant for David Seaton
- tortured by David Seaton when she didn't respond to his accusations (theft, absence, healing)
- thum
David Seaton
- local deputy-balif
- employer of Gilly Duncan
- questioned her healing abilities, why she'd been stealing from him and why she'd been disappearing for ages
- tortured Gilly Duncan
- James requested that he recaptured the accused who'd fled to England
Anne of Denmark
- married James IV of Scotland
- 14 (married by proxy)
- 1589: attempted to sail to Scotland 3 times but couldn't because of storms
Peter Munk
- Danish admiral
- claimed the storms preventing Anne's travel (3 times) in 1589 were due to witchcraft
- BUT he's been previously accused of negligence (distraction)
- demanded in 1590 that 5 of the 6 suspected witches be taken to Copenhagen (for disturb
Francis Stewart
Earl of Bothwell
5th Earl of Bothwell
- ordered by James to fetch Anne but rejected because his submitted costs for the journey were so high
- He suggested James travel to Denmark in person
- Admiral
- cousin of James
- 1583: plot to oust the royal favourite (earl of Arran)
- 1587:openly crit
Earl of Arran
- royal favourite
- Bothwell plotted to oust him in 1583
James IV
- King of Scotland
- In Denmark 6ish months (Oct 1589-spring 1590
- lost a ship on the way back
- no evidence he was interested in witchcraft ebfore 1590
- 1580 may have seen 'Flyting' (play with fairy and witch references)
- 1584 quoted the play in an es
Reginald Scot
- wrote 'The Discoverie of Witchcraft' 1584
- influenced James' deamonologie
- said it caused him to clarify his stance on witches
Tycho brahe
- astronomer
- James visited in 1589/1590
- at his home in Uraniborg
Niels Hemmingsen
- leading Danish theologian
- met James when he was in Denmark 1589/90
- discussed Calvinism
- 1575: wrote a book on magic that accepts maleficium but denies that a pact with the Devil could take place
Christina Larner
- historian
- places prominence on James' meeting of Danish theologian Niels Hemmingsen
- the general commission for the trying of witches was established in the closing stages of the North Berwick hunt but miscarriages of justice caused it to be revoked
Tomas Riis
- historian
- argues witchcraft accusations in Denmark were generally based on localized cases of maleficium and not pacts with the Devil so James' time in Denmark would've had little impact
Peter Palladius
- Lutheran bishop
- DENMARK
- shows how both Denmark + Scotland accusations were based on hidden Catholicism
- encouraged good Christians to speak up if they suspected someone of witchcraft
- reported 52 witches burned in just 1 hunt
Anna Koldings
- 1 of the witches in Denmark suspected of disturbing Anne and James' voyage from Denmark
- interrogated and tortured
- in fear gave 5 other names
- including the wife of the borgmaster of Copenhagen
- all confessed of raising a storm to sink Anne's ship
Lord Burghley
- an English statesman
- one of his spies was sent a letter in July 1590 that said of Peter Munk demanding 5 out of 6 of the suspected witches be taken to Copenhagen for disturbing Anne + James' voyage
Karen the Weaver
-the house in which the witches accused of sabotaging James and Anne's voyage confessed to having meetings in
- specifically targeted by Christopher Valkendorff
Christopher Valkendorff
- minister of finance
- accused of providing inadequate and poorly constructed fleet for Anne and James
- one of the other possible explanations put forwards for Anne and James' h=journey
- HE then blamed other witches, especially Karen the Weaver
Agnes Sampson
- 2nd implicated
- long-standing reputation as a midwife, healer and cunning-woman
- relatively well-educated
- she was speculated to be the source of Gilly Duncan's sudden talent for healing
- examined and interrogated by KING JAMES in late 1590
- Devil'
Barbara Napier
- ACCUSED
- not executed ("pregnant")
- accused by Agnes Sampson
- friend of the Earl of Bothwell
- wrote to Bothwell while he was on trial and James read the letter -> more incensed against him
- initially acquitted but JAMES personally arranged for the
Richard Graham
- ACCUSED
- accused by Agnes Sampson
- royal courtier
- 1590 taken into custody as a magician
- 1593: Bothwell's testimony at his own trial said he had once tried to sell him a ring containing a familiar
Effie McCalyan
- ACCUSED
- accused by Agnes Sampson
- well-respected
- daughter of Lord Cliftonhall
- trial contained details of at least 4 coven meetings
- transferring her childbirth pains to a dog and a cat
- used servants to deliver materials to other witches (they
Lord Cliftonhall
- dad of Effie McCalyan, one of the well-respected people accused by Agnes Sampson
John Fian
- schoolmaster
- ACCUSED
- affairs with married women?
- educated in Latin and Greek
- contact with lots of locals
- Dec 1590: arrested + charged with 20 counts of witchcraft + high treason
- tortured to identify other witches in his coven
- escaped and w
Lord Darnley
- James' father
- murdered when James was 8mnths old
- possibly murdered by 4th Earl of Bothwell
Mary Stuart
- 1563: passed the first Scottish Witchcraft act which forbid witchcraft and sorcery but was rarely enforced to the letter
- Queen of Scots
- married 4th Earl of Bothwell when husband (lord Darnley) was murdered
- uprising against her
- abdicated in favou
4th Earl of Bothwell
- mary queen of Scots married him after her husband was killed
- assumed to be responsible for her husband's death
Elizabeth I
- queen of England
- viewed James' mum (mary stuart) with suspicion
- 1st cousins onceremoved
- 1587 had Mary executed for plotting to overthrow her
George Gordon
- influential catholic
- 1589: James discovered he was plotting to assist Spain in an invasion of England
Jenny Wormald
- historian
- general commission began around 1592 (later than Larner said)
- questioned James' role in the 1597 panic (active role in North Berwick but was a sceptic in 1597 - content from 1592 to pass on much of the responsibility for dealing with witch
Julian Goodare
- historian
- questioned whether there even was aformal commission into witchcraft at all 1591-97
- 1597 order didn't set out a mechanism for dealing with witchcraft - as always it came from the commissions issued by the CROWN (argues against Jenny Wormal
Sir William Steward
- 1596 the privy council gave him a commission to investigate accusations of sorcery and witchcraft (+ other crimes) in the highlands and island regions
Alison Balfour
- 1595
- without permission the authorities in Edinburgh tortured her and her whole family
- she was executed even though she said the confession was made under torture
Janet Wishart
- 1597 large trial in Aberdeen against her
- accused of raising storms + causing injury + death
- executed
- started the Scottish hunt? (March)
Margaret Aitkin
- accused many in the 1597 Scottish Witch Hunt
- arrested in April 1597
- agreed to assist authorities in identifying further offenders
- travelled round Scotland with the KING'S agents
- she aroused suspicion when she began to identify witches who she'd
Margaret Murray
- historian
- suggested that Bothwell played the part of the Devil at the meetings of the North Berwick coven
Donald Tyson
- historian
- disputes Margaret Murray's view that Bothwell played the part of the Devil at the meetings of the North Berwick coven
Patrick heron
- Sept 1597: an unknown witch accused him and his wife (as manipulated by the Menteith's)
- in a property dispute with Sir William Menteith and his son
- they fled subject to persecution from the Menteith's
- the case wasn't dismissed because of a letter
Sir William Menteith
- him and his son were in a property dispute with the Heron's
- they had the suspected unnamed witch arrested with the intention of forcing her to confess and accuse the Herons
- forced the Herons to flee