refers to forces within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.
Motivation
theories profile different needs that may motivate individual behavior.
Content
theories examine the thought processes that motivate individual behavior.
Process
theory offers a pyramid of physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self- actualization needs.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
PSSES
Physiological
Safety
Social
Esteem
Self-Actualization
needs in Maslow's hierarchy are esteem and self-actualization.
Higher-order
needs in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, safety, and social.
Lower-order
theory identifies existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
Alderfer's ERG
needs are desires for physiological and material well- being.
Existence
needs are desires for satisfying
Relatedness
are desires for continued personal growth and development.
Growth and development
( nAch) is the desire to do better, solve problems, or master complex tasks.
Need for achievement
(nAff) is the desire for friendly and warm relations with others
Need for affiliation
(nPower) is the desire to control others and influence their behavior.
Need for power
two-factor theory identifies job context as the source of job dissatisfaction and job content as the source of job satisfaction.
Herzberg's
factors in the job context are sources of job dissatisfaction.
Hygiene
Organizational policies
Quality of supervision
Working conditions
Base wage or salary
Relationships with peers
Relationships with subordinates
Status Security
Hygiene Factors
Achievement
Recognition
Work itself Responsibility
Advancement
Growth
Motivator factors
in the job content are sources of job satisfaction.
Motivator factors
theory posits that people will act to eliminate any felt inequity in the rewards received for their work in comparison with others.
Adams's equity
is an issue of how fair and equitable people view workplace practices.
Organizational justice
3 Dimensions of Organizational Justice
Procedural justice
Distributive justice
Interactional justice
is the degree to which rules are always properly followed to implement policies.
Procedural justice
is the degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy.
Distributive justice
is the degree to which the people are treated with dignity and respect in decisions affecting them.
Interactional justice
theory argues that work motivation is determined by individual beliefs regarding effort/ performance relationships and work outcomes.
Vroom's expectancy
is the probability that work effort will be followed by performance accomplishment.
Expectancy
is the probability that performance will lead to various work outcomes.
Instrumentality
is the value to the individual of various work outcomes.
Valence
are most likely to lead to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of self- efficacy required to accomplish them.
Goals
s, or MBO is a process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate.
Management by objective