Organizational Behavior and Leadership (ch9,14)

(concept) techniques for guiding group development

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(concept)(ch9) five-stage group development model

The five distinct stages groups go through: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. forming stage= uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. Members "test the waters" to determine what types of behaviors are accepta

(concept) group roles and norms

...the difference in roles and norms is=____ Group Property 1: Roles, set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. role perception =An individual's view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given

(concept) factors of group cohesiveness (ch9) Contrast the benefits and disadvantages of cohesive groups.

....group priority 5= cohesiveness�Groups differ in their's, the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group. Some work groups are cohesive because the members have spent a great deal of time together, or the gro

(concept) conflict resolution techniques

.see printout and closely related concept questions.. .However, the conditions must be right for productive conflict. In particular, individuals must feel psychologically safe in bringing up issues for discussion. If people fear that what they say is goin

(concept) the difference in formal and informal group is...

formal group= A designated work group defined by an organization's structure. informal group= A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.

(concept) what conflict-resolution techniques are available for groups?

.see printout and closely related concept questions... Distributive bargaining can resolve disputes, but it often reduces the satisfaction of one or more negotiators because it is confrontational and focused on the short term. Integrative bargaining, in c

(concept) How can group leaders facilitate conflict resolution in groups?

. Use competition when quick decisive action is needed (in emergencies), when issues are important, when unpopular actions need to be implemented (in cost cutting, enforcement of unpopular rules, discipline), when the issue is vital to the organization's

(ch9) groupthink and groupshift

groupthink =A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
groupshift= A change between a group's decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift ca

(concept) is group decision making an advantage or disadvantage? why?

.Strengths of Group Decision Making -Groups generate more complete information and knowledge. By aggregating the resources of several individuals, groups bring more input as well as heterogeneity into the decision process. They offer increased diversity o

(ch9) Define group and distinguish the different types of groups.

group=group Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives. Informal and formal groups. reference groups= Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms

(ch9) Show how role requirements change in different situations.

.Our view of how we're supposed to act in a given situation is a role perception. home vs work vs sports team.

(ch9) Demonstrate how norms and status exert influence on an individual's behavior.

.Status= Because people use identities to define themselves and increase self-esteem, it makes sense that they are most interested in linking themselves to high-status groups. conformity= The adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the gro

(ch9) Show how group size affects group performance.

.Group Property 4: Size - Smaller groups are faster at completing tasks than larger ones, and individuals perform better in smaller
286groups.51 However, in problem solving, large groups consistently get better marks than their smaller counterparts. if th

(ch9) Understand the implications of diversity for group effectiveness.

.Group Property 6: Diversity -The final property of groups we consider is diversity in the group's membership, the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another. A great deal of research is being done on how diversity

(ch9)a Compare the effectiveness of interacting, brainstorming, nominal, and electronic meeting groups.

.Effectiveness and Efficiency -Whether groups are more effective than individuals depends on how you define effectiveness. Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group, but less accurate than the judg

(ch9) social identity theory

Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group is the territory of social identity theory. It proposes that people have emotional

(ch9) Ingroup favoritism

means we see members of our ingroup as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same. This obviously paves the way for stereotyping.

(ch9) punctuated-equilibrium model

A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity. (1) their first meeting sets the group's direction, (2) this first phase of group activity is one of inertia, (3) a transition takes place exactly whe

(ch9) deviant workplace behavior

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility. see chart printed for pg 284.

(ch9) status characteristics theory

A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups. 1. The power a person wields over others. Because they likely control the group's resources, people who control the outcomes tend to be perceived as h

(ch9) ways to prevent social loafing

related to group cohesiveness - (1) Set group goals, so the group has a common purpose to strive toward; (2) increase intergroup competition, which again focuses on the shared outcome; (3) engage in peer evaluation so each person evaluates each other pers

(ch9) Contrast the strengths and weaknesses of group decision making.

The most common form of group decision making takes place in interacting groups. Members meet face to face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate (think about electronic meetings).

(ch9)b Compare the effectiveness of interacting, brainstorming, nominal, and electronic meeting groups.

nominal group technique A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.
1. Before any discussion takes place, each member independently writes down ideas on the

(ch14) conflict

Define conflict= There has been no shortage of definitions of conflict,1 but common to most is the idea that conflict is a perception. If no one is aware of a conflict, then it is generally agreed no conflict exists. Also needed to begin the conflict proc