2) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?
A) All managers are leaders.
B) Formal rights ensure good leadership.
C) Formal appointment is essential in creating leaders.
D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers.
E) No
Answer: E
Explanation: E) The source of a leader's influence may be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all managers leaders. Just because an organization provide
1) Leadership is best defined as ________.
A) the ability to merely project one's abilities in the lack of actual accomplishments
B) the ability to reduce the dependence of team members on each other
C) the ability to induce the team members to focus on i
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment.
3) Which of the following is a desirable feature of leadership?
A) one-directional influence from the leader to the follower
B) coercive power and authority
C) lack of freedom
D) passivity of followers
E) coexistence of leaders and managers
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. We need leaders today to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visi
4) Trait theories of leadership focus on ________.
A) the special relationship that leaders establish with a small group of their followers
B) the personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders
C) the way the leader make
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of
5) Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important trait in effective leaders?
A) conscientiousness
B) openness
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness
E) emotional stability
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiv
6) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________, which reflects the consideration that leaders must be able to express.
A) conscientiousness
B) empathy
C) optimism
D) introversion
E) perfec
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders can sense others' needs, listen to what followers say (and don't say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you wo
7) Trait theories most accurately predict ________.
A) distinguishing features of an effective leader
B) differences between an effective and an ineffective leader
C) success of a leader
D) roles to be played by the leader
E) emergence of a leader
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Traits are more accurate in predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.
12) The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________.
A) employee-orientation
B) empathy
C) constructin
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure i
13) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________.
A) a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, a
Answer: D
Explanation: D) As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that atte
14) Adrian Atwood, a senior manager at MNC, spends a lot of his time assigning group members to particular tasks and scheduling their work such that deadlines are achievable. Adrian also sets high expectations for standards of performance and holds regula
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationsh
17) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________.
A) absolute leadership and contingency leadership
B) transformational leaders and authentic leaders
C) employee-oriented leaders and production-or
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Leadership studies at the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center located behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness: the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented
18) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who takes a personal interest in the needs of his or her subordinates.
A) contingency
B) task-oriented
C) employee-oriented
D) production-oriented
E) structure initiating
Answer: C
Explanation: C) According to the behavioral dimensions of leaders identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, the employee-oriented leader emphasizes interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs o
19) If a leader's main concern is accomplishing his or her group's tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader ________.
A) employee-oriented
B) high in consideration
C) relationship-oriented
D) low in initiating structure
E) production-or
Answer: E
Explanation: E) According to the behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, the production-oriented leader emphasizes the technical or task aspects of the job, his or her main concern being accomplis
25) Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.
A) personality variables
B) leader's abilities to inspire and transform followers
C) situational variables
D) values and ethics
E) features of the followers
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily transl
26) Which of the following theories of leadership is based on situational variables?
A) attribution theory
B) trait theories
C) charismatic leadership theory
D) path-goal theory
E) behavioral theories
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily transl
27) The least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to measure whether ________.
A) the followers are able and willing
B) a leader is task- or relationship-oriented
C) the members are in the ingroup or out-group
D) employees prefer servant leade
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Fiedler believes a key factor in leadership success is the individual's basic leadership style. He created the least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire to identify that style by measuring whether a person is task- or relatio
29) Fiedler's contingency leadership model assumes that ________.
A) an individual's leadership style is essentially fixed
B) an individual is constantly striving to develop a more productive style
C) an individual's leadership is primarily determined by
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Fiedler assumes an individual's leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or t
30) Fiedler defines the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as ________.
A) leader-member relations
B) task structure
C) positional power
D) follower variables
E) path-goal frameworks
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect
31) Trevor Guerney is a manager who believes that those who are to be affected by a change must be involved in the change. Consequently, he always ensures that his subordinates have the knowledge of what is happening around them, and he often holds meetin
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect
32) Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are procedurized, that is, structured or unstructured?
A) task reflexivity
B) task significance
C) task structure
D) task complexity
E)
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Task structure is the degree to which jo
33) According to the Fiedler contingency model, high managerial control is characterized by ________.
A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power
B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task
str
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Fiedler states that the better the lea
34) Which of the following theoretical approaches in the study of leadership focuses on followers' readiness as a determinant of effective leadership?
A) Big Five personality model
B) behavioral theories
C) Fiedler contingency model
D) laissez-faire leade
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able
35) According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be ________.
A) participative
B) democratic
C) person-oriented
D) directive
E) supportive
Answer: D
Explanation: D) According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be directive.
36) According to the situational leadership theory, a follower with the desired ability and willingness is likely to be ________.
A) lacking in the area of motivation
B) deficient in the specific skills required
C) comfortable in his ability to do the job
Answer: C
Explanation: C) If followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style; if they are both able and willing, the leader does not need to do much.
37) Which of the following statements is true with regard to the path-goal theory of leadership?
A) The theory considers leadership to be a set of attributes ascribed to leaders by followers.
B) The theory proposes only a passive and supportive role for l
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The theory proposes that the leader's job is to provide followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary to achieve their goals. The term path-goal implies effective leaders clarify followers' paths to their
38) In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over important variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases.
A) task structure
B) leader-mem
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases.
39) According to the situational leadership theory, if followers are unable and willing to do a task, then a leader needs to ________.
A) follow a supportive style
B) engage in participative leadership
C) refrain from providing too many inputs
D) display
Answer: D
Explanation: D) If followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for followers' lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get them to commit to the leader's desires.
40) Maura Ruiz has been working in the e-learning industry for over eight years. She is aware of the fact that in this industry, once an employee has learned his or her job, the work becomes fairly automatic and competence can be achieved rapidly. She has
Answer: C
Explanation: C) If followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style.
43) Leslie is a middle-level production manager at the California branch of ALT Corp. ALT Corp. is an automobile manufacturing company that specializes in the manufacture of heavy motor vehicles. Leslie's job is to supervise his assembly line employees. L
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The fact that the company is planning to lay off some employees in the near future does not weaken Leslie's supportive approach to leadership. The fact that the company has stopped the production of most of its older models as it
45) The leader-participation model focuses on ________.
A) the personality traits of leaders
B) the presence of charisma in the leader
C) the way decisions are made by the leader
D) the mere projection of successful leadership by the leader
E) the use of
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The leader-participation model argues that the way the leader makes decisions is as important as what she or he decides. Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton's leader-participation model relates leadership behavior and participation i
46) Which of the following leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates�the ingroup, who are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention,
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the ingroup. Members of the ingroup are trust
47) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as "in" or "out" ________.
A) after careful performance analysis
B) on a temporary basis
C) early in the interaction
D) because of political pressure
E) only after several months o
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an "in" or an "out," and that relationship is relatively stable over ti
48) In her first few weeks at the marketing division of Rolland Retails, Judith Cox realized that Joshua, Doug, and Carl were closer to her manager, Eric Scott, than the other five team members. Eric, Joshua, Doug, and Carl came to work at the same time,
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the ingroup; they are trusted, get a disproport
50) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors?
A) situational leadership theory
B) path-goal leadership theory
C) transactional leadership theory
D) behavi
Answer: E
Explanation: E) According to House's charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of chari
51) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence followers?
A) developing a formal vision statement
B) engaging in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior
C) setting an example for followers through acti
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders follow a four-step process to influence followers. This process begins with articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a bett
52) The third step in the process of charismatic leadership involves ________.
A) the leader conceptualizing a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization
B) the leader conveying a new set of va
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Once the vision and the vision statement are established, the leader, through his or her words and actions, conveys a new set of values and sets an example for followers to imitate. This is the function of the third step.
53) Leaders who function primarily by clarifying role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) ________ style of leadership.
A) transformational
B) transactional
C) charismatic
D) laissez-faire
E) employee-oriented
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedler's model, and path-goal theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. In contrast to transformational leaders, who ins
54) A transactional leader is likely to ________.
A) reward employees for the work that they have done, thus recognizing accomplishments
B) help followers trust the leader and develop a loyalty toward the common vision
C) stimulate others in the organizat
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A transactional leader is likely to reward employees for the work that they have done, thus recognizing accomplishments.
56) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers.
A) Transformational
B) Transactional
C) Task-oriented
D) Laissez-faire
E) Production-oriente
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. These types of leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their
57) Transformational leaders enhance performance of employees by ________.
A) restricting creativity among employees
B) focusing on short-term goals for employees
C) building consensus among employees
D) establishing goals, roles, and requirements
E) abdi
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Companies with transformational leaders also show greater agreement among top managers about the organization's goals, which yields superior organizational performance that transformational leaders improve performance by building
58) In terms of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior is the least effective?
A) management by exception (active)
B) contingent reward
C) management by exception (passive)
D) individualized consideration
E) laissez-faire
Answer: E
Explanation: E) According to the full range of leadership models, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception�active or passive�is slightly better than laissez-faire.
59) Which of the following leadership behaviors is likely to differentiate between transactional and transformational leaders?
A) management by exception (active and passive)
B) contingent reward
C) individualized consideration
D) micromanagement
E) laiss
Answer: C
Explanation: C) According to the full range of leadership models, leadership behaviors including laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. On
60) In terms of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior represents the most active and effective approach for leaders?
A) contingent reward
B) idealized influence
C) management by exception (active)
D) individualized consideration
E
Answer: B
Explanation: B) According to the full range of leadership models, idealized influence, wherein a leader provides vision, establishes a sense of mission, and instills pride is the most active and effective leadership behavior. By doing so, the le
74) Describe the full range of leadership model.
Answer: According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception�active or passive�is slightly better than laissez-faire, but it's still considered ineffe
77) A long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization is defined as a(n) ________.
A) transaction
B) attribution
C) contingent plan
D) vision
E) substitution
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization is defined as a vision.
79) The primary quality produced by authentic leadership is ________.
A) efficiency
B) reinforcement
C) supervision
D) trust
E) authority
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership
80) Which of the following is a feature of servant leadership?
A) pursuit of the leaders' self-interest
B) use of power and authority to achieve organizational ends
C) universal appeal and effectiveness across cultures
D) focus on growth, development, and
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities to help followers grow and develop. They do not use power to achieve ends; they emphasize persuasion. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empath
103) Which of the following is true with regard to online leadership?
A) Identification-based trust is easily established in the case of online leadership.
B) Online negotiations are
smoother as geographic mobility is not required.
C) The demands of an on
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Good leadership skills will soon include the abilities to communicate support, trust, and inspiration through keyboarded words and accurately read emotions in others' messages. In electronic communication, writing skills are like
102) Which of the following is a neutralizer of leadership?
A) indifference to rewards
B) experience and training
C) explicit formalized rules
D) cohesive work groups
E) highly structured task
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes. Indifference to organizational rewards can neutralize the effects of leadership.
101) ________ make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
A) Catalysts
B) Mentors
C) Neutralizers
D) Hygiene factors
E) Vision and charisma
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes. Indifference to organizational rewards can neutralize the effects of leadership.
99) Which of the following is true about substitutes for leadership?
A) Substitutes are clearly distinguishable from neutralizers.
B) Substitutes enhance the need for leader's support or ability to create structure.
C) Substitutes increase the levels of i
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A theory of leadership suggests that in many situations, leaders' actions are irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure. Organiza
98) Which of the following is a substitute for leadership in the theory that suggests leaders' actions are irrelevant in many situations?
A) lack of experience
B) training
C) ambiguous task
D) high need for supervision
E) external feedback
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders' actions are irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizat
97) The president of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the nation's economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock markets crashed during his government's second term, he was cen
Answer: E
Explanation: E) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus, we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understand
96) According to the attribution theory of leadership, a person aiming to be a leader has to ________.
A) gain sufficient experience to be a leader
B) possess qualities like charisma and intelligence
C) make changes on ground before leading people
D) poss
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Attribution theory suggests what's important is projecting the appearance of being a leader rather than focusing on actual accomplishments. Leader-wannabes who can shape the perception that they're smart, personable, verbally ade
95) According to the attribution theory of leadership, leadership is characterized by ________.
A) the significant gains made in the mentoring relationship between the leader and follower
B) the act of people ascribing qualities like intelligence or chari
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus, we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understand
82) ________ is defined as a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out.
A) Consideration
B) Trust
C) Support
D) Empathy
E) Respect
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. Even though you aren't completely in control of the s
83) ________ is a dimension of trust defined as honesty, truthfulness, and the ability to display consistency between one's words and action.
A) Consideration
B) Sensitivity
C) Support
D) Reflexivity
E) Integrity
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Integrity refers to honesty and truthfulness. It is the most critical characteristic in assessing another's trustworthiness. Integrity also means having consistency between what you do and say.
84) Which of the following dimensions of trust is defined as an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills?
A) integrity
B) ability
C) propensity
D) reflexivity
E) complexity
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ability encompasses an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills.
81) Servant leadership reflects the ________.
A) traditional view that followers are expected to serve the leaders
B) task-oriented approach to leadership
C) use of empathy, listening, and persuasion by leaders
D) Western prototype of a leader who gives o
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities to help followers grow and develop. They do not use power to achieve ends; they emphasize persuasion. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empath