Organizational Behavior Chapter 5

Motivation

The process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior is called:

Psychoanalytic approach

The proposition that a person's life was founded on the compulsion to work and the power of love is related to the:

Max Weber

According to the Protestant ethic, a person should work hard because hard work and prosperity wold lead to a place in heaven. The scholar who advanced the Protestant Ethic notion was:

There are several approaches to motivation, and one or another may be useful in specific organizational contexts, with specific individuals or groups, at different times.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the current state of motivation theories?

the relationship of management and labor should be one of cooperation rather than conflict .

Frederick Taylor's scientific management advanced the idea that:

people are motivated by self interest and economic gain.

The basic motivational assumption within Taylor's scientific management is the same as within Adam Smith's political economic notions which holds that:

unseen forces of a free market system.

Adam Smith formulated the "invisible hand" which refers to:

external incentives.

Modern management practices such as employee management recognition programs, flexible benefit packages, and stock ownership plans emphasize:

psychological ownership.

An approach to employee motivation that considers both psychological needs and external incentives is:

to comprehend.

All of the following are drives or needs that underlie employee motivation EXCEPT:

physiological, self-actualization.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs model begins with_____ needs and ends with____needs.

safety and security needs.

Assume you own and operate a small printing and specialty advertising business that employs 25 people. With increased health care costs and related insurance premiums you are contemplating the cancellation of health and hospitalization insurance for your

self-esteem and self-actualization needs.

Alderfer's growth need category corresponds to Maslow's:

a satisfied need is no longer a motivator and employees progress to the next higher order of needs.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs model helps to explain that employees are always motivated to satisfy one or more needs but that:

growth and Theory Y concerns.

You have accepted your first professional job position. The firm has provided a very competitive salary and benefit package. Your attention is now directed to learning and advancement opportunities. According to Alderfer and McGregor, these are:

individuals motivated by lower order needs.

McGregor believed that Theory X assumptions were appropriate for:

as one level of need is satisfied, an individual considers the next higher level of need as a source of motivation.

Maslow's progression hypothesis states that:

need for power

People who have a strong desire to influence others are high in the:

supervisory control

All of the following are need for achievement concerns EXCEPT:

achievement

According to McClelland's research, successful managers tend to have a high need for:

the achievement motive of an individual.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is used to measure:

be an effective leader and have concern for others.

Management Science or Health CEO Jonathan Quick displayed a high need for socialized versus personalized power. He would probably:

motivation factors relate to job satisfaction and hygiene factors relate to job dissatisfaction.

According to Herzberg, a major difference between motivator and hygiene factors include:

hygiene factors.

After working as a sales associate in an appliance store for six months, you begin to become dissatisfied with various rules and regulations at the workplace, or:

pay.

Which of the following has been identified as both hygiene and motivational factor in research done on Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Recognition

Which of the following is considered a motivating factor in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Hygiene factors are important to a certain level but unimportant beyond that threshold.

Which of the following would be considered a valid conclusion regarding Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Hygiene factors are more important in determining satisfaction or dissatisfaction on the job.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a valid criticism of Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Herzberg's two-factor theory.

The sets of needs related to the animalistic avoidance of pain and human desire for psychological growth from the basis for:

Hygiene factors

According to Herzberg, which of the following factors are related to job dissatisfaction?

they are independent

A key understanding to the relationship between hygiene and motivation factors is that:

that individuals need to be activated by unmet needs.

All of the following would be consistent with new ideas in motivation EXCEPT:

the positive side of stress that is healthy and normal.

Eustress most accurately reflects:

advancement opportunities.

All of the following are demands an organization can place on an employee EXCEPT:

social exchange process approach to motivation.

Equity theory is a:

increase your contribution.

As a member of a study group, you feel that others are making minimal contributions. In this situation you are LEAST likely to:

reduce their commitment.

According to the equity theory, when employees view managers as being overpaid, the employees may:

Social exchange.

Which of the following would be the best framework if you use calculated involvement as a basis for understanding a person's relationship with a work organization?

they find themselves in a situation they see as unfair.

Under the theory of inequity, people are motivated when:

who prefers an equity ratio equal to that of his or her comparison other.

An important theoretical revision to Adams' original equity theory formulation involves individual preferences for equity. An equity sensitive individual is someone:

valence.

The importance and value placed on a reward in expectancy theory is known as:

rewards.

The close linkage of ______ to performance under expectancy theory is crucial for enhancing motivation.

expectancy theory.

The motivation theory that holds that employee motivation is determined by the belief that a valued outcome will result from effort is called the:

instrumentality.

The belief that performance is connected to rewards is known as:

personal perceptions.

The expectancy theory of motivation focuses on:

the values for each construct have been relatively stable over time.

Which of the following is NOT considered a weakness of expectancy theory?

Adam Smith's ideas of working in one's own self interest.

The expectancy theory prediction that people work to maximize their personal outcomes is consistent with: