Which of the following is true about a field study?
A field study probes individual or group processes in an organizational setting, involving real-life situations.
In OB, a field study probes individual or group processes in an organizational setting. Because field studies involve real-life situations, th
statistical analysis
According to W. Edwards Deming, _____ is required to uncover system failures.
As Deming observed, the typical manager spends most of her time wrongly blaming and punishing individuals for system failures. Statistical analysis is required to uncover system
Which of the following is an assumption of McGregor's Theory Y?
The typical person has imagination and creativity.
One of the assumptions of McGregor's Theory Y is that the typical member of the general population has imagination, ingenuity, and creativity.
Refer: Table 1-1
Which of the following did W. Edwards Deming call for, regarding the human side of development?
Elimination of barriers to good workmanship
egarding the human side of quality improvement, one of the things Deming called for was the elimination of barriers to good workmanship.
Which of the following people-centered practices is carried out to build a "we" feeling?
Less emphasis on status
Which of the following is true about organizational ethics?
Ethical conduct is often ignored.
A common principle underlying various total quality management (TQM) programs is that one should:
do it right the first time to eliminate costly rework.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a 21st-century manager?
Viewing people as a primary resource
The three basic levels of analysis in organizational behavior are:
individual, group, and organizational.
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues
_____ is a barrier to implementing successful diversity programs that particularly affects women.
Women still assume the majority of the responsibilities associated with raising children. This makes it harder for women to work evenings and weekends or to
Which of the following responses identified by R Roosevelt Thomas Jr is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs?
Include/Exclude
The action of including/excluding is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs. Its primary goal is to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the organizations.
Managing diversity
_____ involves creating organizational changes that enable all people to perform up to their maximum potential.
Managing diversity entails enabling people to perform up to their maximum potential. It focuses on changing an organization's culture and infra
Which of the following would reduce a mismatch between educational attainment and occupational requirements?
Hire college graduates with critical thinking and analytic reasoning.
Outsource technical work to other countries with a highly skilled population.
Which of the following proposes that diverse work groups lead to better task relevant processes and decision making?
Information/Decision-making theory
Which of the following is an example of reasonable accommodation of sincerely held religious beliefs?
Children in the workplace and mandatory child care
Flexible scheduling
A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. Examples of reasonable accommodation include: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps,
Which of the following is highlighted by the information/decision-making theory?
Diverse perspectives help to uncover novel alternatives during problem-solving activities.
Race
_____ is an example of an internal dimension of diversity.
Refer: Figure 2-1
Which of the following groups of people have traits such as workaholism, idealism, and work ethics?
Baby boomers
Baby boomers have traits such as workaholism, idealism, and work ethics.
Refer: Table 2-1
Workforce demographics
_____ are statistical profiles of the characteristics and composition of the adult working population.
Workforce demographics, which are statistical profiles of the characteristics and composition of the adult working population, are an invaluable human-r
Adhocracy
_____ cultures value flexibility and have an external focus.
An adhocracy culture has an external focus and values flexibility. This type of culture fosters the creation of innovative products and services by being adaptable, creative, and fast to respond
Which of the following perceptual and social processes occurs during the change and acquisition phase of organizational socialization?
Internalizing group norms and values
The change and acquisition phase requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust to their work group's values and norms. This will only occur when employees have a clear understanding about their r
Enacted
_____ values are values and norms that are exhibited in employees' behavior.
Enacted values represent the values and norms that actually are exhibited or converted into employee behavior. They represent the values that employees ascribe to an organization
Which of the following cultures has the strongest correlation with subjective innovation?
Market culture
A meta-analysis based on 93 studies revealed that a market culture within an organization had the strongest correlation with subjective innovation.
Refer: Figure 3-4
Which of the following is true about organizational values?
Organizations are less likely to accomplish corporate goals when employees perceive an inconsistency between the espoused values of the organization and their own personal characteristics.
Employees' satisfaction, performance, and turnover are affected wh
receptive
A(n) _____ developmental network is composed of a few weak ties from one social system such as an employer or a professional association.
The diversity and strength of developmental relationships result in four types of developmental networks: receptive,
Amy has recently joined a new research institute. She had initially thought that her job would entail a lot of field work, which would allow her to gain some practical experience, but her manager just gives her a lot of paperwork instead. She is also lear
encounter
Amy is in the encounter phase of the socialization process. During the encounter phase employees come to learn what the organization is really like. It is a time for reconciling unmet expectations and making sense of a new work environment.
Organizational _____ is defined as "the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization.
socialization
Organizational socialization is defined as "the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization." It is a key mechanism used by organizations to embed
In the _____ phase of the socialization process, people gather information from many sources before they join the organization.
anticipatory socialization
The anticipatory socialization phase occurs before an individual actually joins an organization. It is represented by the information people have learned about different careers, occupations, professions, and organizations.
Which of the following statements about organizational culture is true?
An organization's culture is not determined by fate.
A company's organizational culture is formed and shaped by the combination and integration of the top managers.
Organizational culture is clearly related to measures of organizational effectiveness. Thi
Which of the following is the first phase of the organizational socialization process?
Anticipatory socialization
The anticipatory socialization phase is the first phase of the socialization process and it occurs before an individual actually joins an organization. It is represented by the information people have learned about different car
_____ is the most important work-related value for those with no religious preference.
Professional challenge
Religious beliefs and practices can have a profound effect on cross-cultural relations. Professional challenge (Concern with having a job that provides learning opportunities and opportunities to use skills well), is the most import
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
institutional collectivism
The nine cultural dimensions from the GLOBE project are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation,
People from _____ cultures emphasize personal responsibility for one's affairs.
proximal
individualistic
Individualistic cultures, characterized as "I" and "me" cultures, give priority to individual freedom and choice. Accordingly, they emphasize personal responsibility for one's affairs.
Most cultural lessons are learned:
by observing and imitating role models.
Unrealistic expectations regarding foreign assignments can be avoided with ____.
realistic job previews
The Germans have a _____ culture where written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings.
low-context
Low-context cultures include those found in Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, North America, and Great Britain. In these cultures, written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings.
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how much effort should be put into minimizing sex discrimination and role inequalities.
gender egalitarianism
_____ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
According to the leadership lessons from the GLOBE project, _____ was a universally liked leader attribute.
trustworthiness
Refer: Table 4-3
_____ is defined as a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values.
Culture
So culture has both prescriptive (what people should do) and descriptive (what they actually do) elements.
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, which of the following refers to uncertainty avoidance?
The extent to which people should rely on social norms and rules to limit unpredictability.
_____ represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum�as opposed to typical�performance on mental and physical tasks.
Ability
Ability represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum�as opposed to typical�performance on mental and physical tasks. Successful performance depends on the right combination of effort, ability, and skill.
Some employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on their bodies. This example is an indication of _____.
strong organizational identification
_____ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being.
Self-concept
Sociologist Viktor Gecas defines self-concept as "the concept the individual has of himself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being." A self-concept would be impossible without the capacity to think about complex things and proces
According to the theory of emotional intelligence, _____ is a component of social competence.
relationship management
Emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The first two constitute personal competence; the second two feed into social competence.
R
_____ is a goal congruent emotion.
Relief
According to Richard Lazarus, the distinction between positive and negative emotions is goal oriented. Relief, which is a positive emotion, is considered to be goal congruent.
Refer: Figure 5-4
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, and persistent.
Conscientiousness
Refer: Table 5-2
A(n) _____ personality is defined as someone who identifies opportunities, is action-oriented, shows initiative, and perseveres to change things.
proactive
_____ intelligence is the potential to understand and regulate oneself.
Intrapersonal
According to research on emotional intelligence, empathy, organizational awareness and service are all elements of _____.
social awareness
Refer: Table 5-5
_____ is a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation.
Self-esteem
People with an external locus of control tend to ____.
attribute outcomes to environmental causes
Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays a
withdrawal cognitions
_____ conflict is experienced when personal values conflict with each other.
Intrapersonal value
Schwartz's theory of values revealed that people are likely to experience inner conflict and stress when personal values conflict with each other.
According to Schwartz's Value Theory, _____ refers to the preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact.
Benevolence
Refer: Table 6-1
_____ is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.
Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction essentially reflects the extent to which an individual likes his or her job.
In which of the following stages of life is a person least likely to change his or her general attitudes?
Middle adulthood
Which of the following is influenced by psychological contracts?
Normative commitment
_____ conflict occurs when two individuals disagree.
Interpersonal value
This type of value conflict often is at the core of personality conflicts, and such conflicts can negatively affect one's career.
_____ reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment.
Normative commitment
Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization.
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, an individual's _____ is the best predictor of behavior.
intention
A(n) _____ is defined as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.
attitude
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior.
intention
subjective norm
Which of the following behaviors would help managers to harness the Pygmalion effect?
Reinforce positive performance expectations throughout the organization
Largely owing to the Pygmalion effect, managerial expectations powerfully influence employee behavior and performance. Consequently, managers need to harness the Pygmalion effect by b
_____, that tend to be self-serving and often invalid, are suspected or inferred causes of behavior.
Causal attributions
Causal attributions are suspected or inferred causes of behavior. Even though our causal attributions tend to be self-serving and are often invalid, it is important to understand how people formulate attributions because they profoundl
_____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects.
Contrast effect
High supervisory expectancy produces better leadership, which subsequently leads employees to develop higher self-expectations. Higher expectations motivate workers to exert more effort, ultimately increasing performance and supervisory expectancies. Succ
self-fulfilling prophecy
The _____ reflects a loss in performance resulting from low leader expectations.
Golem effect
As employees age, they typically experience _____.
higher job satisfaction
_____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral.
Central tendency
For example, rating a professor average on all dimensions of performance regardless of his or her actual performance.
Refer: Table 7-2
_____ is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
Perception
The study of how people perceive one another is called _____.
social cognition
According to Kelley's attribution model, consensus involves _____.
comparing an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers
There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently.
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the _____ needs reflect the desire to use one's abilities to their fullest potential.
growth
Which of the following is an organizational implication of expectancy theory?
Design challenging jobs
Refer: Table 8-2
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the decision maker's behavior in the process of decision making.
Interactional justice
According to Alderfer's ERG theory:
frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.
ERG theory contains a frustration-regression component. That is, frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.
Which of the following is a true about cognitive crafting?
It encompasses a change in how you perceive or think about the tasks and relationships associated with your job.
In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _____ need is the desire for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others.
esteem
Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.
increase her inputs
Which of the following is the most basic need according to Maslow's need hierarchy?
Physiological
It entails having enough food, air, and water to survive.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
Supervisor relations
Herzberg found job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment. Specifically, company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervis
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources.
Procedural justice
Which of the following is high when a person works on a product or project from beginning to end and sees a tangible result?
Task identity
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on factors such as teamwork, risk-taking, and creativity.
performance: actions and behaviors
Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, it receives a treat. Barbara is using a _____ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
Barbara is using a continuous reinforcement schedule with her puppy. Every instance of a target behavior is reinforced when a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule is in effect.
Philip got a mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This instance is an example of _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for choice involves:
empowering employees and delegating meaningful assignments and tasks.
Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7% of her annual salary. Jill is work
It is extrinsically motivated.
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on tenure or level in the organizational hierarchy.
nonperformance considerations
Nonperformance considerations are customary or contractual, including situations where the type of job, nature of the work, equity, tenure, level in hierarchy, and so forth are rewarded.
Employees with a clear _____ understand the organization's strategic goals and know what actions they need to take, both individually and as team members.
line of sight
Paying an employee $10 for every 20 units he or she produces is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed ratio
The sales department of a mutual fund firm set a few goals for the New Year. The firm set targets to sell a certain number of mutual funds within each month. The firm was only bothered about meeting the target and not about how to meet the target. This im
performance outcome
_____ is defined as the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior.
Shaping
Which of the following should managers keep in mind while giving feedback?
Base feedback on accurate and credible information.
Managers need to keep the following tips in mind when giving feedback as part of a comprehensive performance management program: focus on performance, not personalities, give specific feedback linked to
_____ is the process of weakening behavior through the contingent presentation of something displeasing.
Punishment
_____ is an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action that is shared by two or more people and guides their behavior.
A norm
According to one respected team of management consultants: "A norm is an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action�shared by two or more people�that guides their behavior." Although norms are typically unwritten and seldom discussed openly, they have a
As a group proceeds through the development process:
the credibility of peer feedback typically increases.
Assigning someone the role of devil's advocate when discussing major alternatives is a way to:
prevent groupthink.
According to the group decay process, the _____ stage occurs when an undercurrent of discontent slowly comes to the surface and individual resistance increases while cohesiveness declines.
de-storming
According to the group decay process, during the _____ stage the work group falls apart as subgroups battle for control.
de-forming
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, members tend to be uncertain and anxious about their roles, who is in charge and the group's goals in the _____ stage.
forming
The maintenance role of gatekeeper involves _____.
encouraging all group members to participate
Which of the following is an example of an organizational function of a formal group?
Socialize and train newcomers
Refer: Table 10-2
_____, defined as the "we feeling" that binds members of a group together, is the principal by-product of the "norming" stage of group development.
Group cohesiveness
According to research, which of the following statements about group processes is true?
Uncertainty about group deadlines tends to disrupt group development.
Which of the following statements regarding sexual harassment is true?
Women typically perceive a broader range of behaviors as sexual harassment than what men perceive.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, in the _____ stage, questions about authority and power are resolved through unemotional, matter-of-fact group discussion.
norming
Which of the following steps can managers take to enhance instrumental cohesiveness?
Equitably reinforce every member's contributions.
Refer: Table 11-5
Which of the following is true about self-managed teams?
They have no significant effect on absenteeism or turnover.
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams are retail sales and customer service.
production
Refer: Table 11-2
Which of the following attributes of high-performance teams refers to having a sense of common aim about why the team exists and the purpose it serves?
Aligned on purpose
Which of the following statements about virtual teams is true?
Internet chat rooms yield poorer decisions than face-to-face group meetings.
Managers can enhance instrumental cohesiveness by:
regularly updating and clarifying the group's goals.
Refer: Table 11-5
Which of the following attributes of high-performance teams refers to creating interdependency by empowering and serving others?
Participative leadership
_____ teams are defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains.
Self-managed teams
A quality circle is an example of a(n) _____ team.
advice
Refer: Table 11-2
Which of the following statements is true about a team?
A team consists of people committed to a common purpose.
Which of the following team competencies models desirable team member behavior?
Promoting a positive team environment
_____ reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns when making decisions.
Value orientation
_____ represents a process of conscientiously using the best available data and proof when making managerial decisions.
Evidence-based decision making
_____ reflects a decision maker's estimate of the probability of an event occurring, reflecting the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences.
Representativeness heuristic
Which of the following is proposed by the garbage can model?
Decision making is a sloppy and haphazard process.
The garbage can model assumes that organizational decision making is a sloppy and haphazard process. According to the garbage can model, decisions result from a complex interaction between four independen
Which of the following is true about creativity?
Creativity is highest when workers are under moderate stress.
Creativity is associated with time pressure and the level of stress in the work environment. Contrary to the belief that people are more creative under a crisis or severe time pressure, time pr
Which of the following is true about the garbage can model?
Many decisions are made by oversight or by the presence of a salient opportunity.
_____ represent(s) rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information processing demands.
Judgmental heuristics
_____ consists of choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications, one that is good enough.
Satisficing
Oliver was known for his innovative promotional ideas. His boss loved listening to his presentations and trusted his ideas. Though Oliver's ideas started to get monotonous after a while, his boss took only his ideas and did not accept ideas from others. W
Availability heuristic
Associations generated in the incubation stage come to life in the _____ stage.
illumination
George has a habit of disrupting meetings by asking irrelevant questions and daydreaming. He does not listen to his colleagues' ideas and presentations during meetings. His colleagues are getting irritated with his behavior. This implies that George is st
workplace incivility.
_____ represents judgments, insights, or decisions that "come to mind on their own, without explicit awareness of the evoking cues and of course without explicit evaluation of the validity of these cues.
Intuition
A(n) _____ occurs when two people are having a problem and, instead of addressing the problem directly with each other, one of them gets a third person involved.
conflict triangle
Which of the following is true about conflict?
Conflicts have both participants and observers.
Personality traits affect how people handle conflict.
The _____ style of handling conflicts has high concern for self and low concern for others, and speed is its primary strength
dominating
Laura is head of Ryan Systems. She needs to allocate a fixed amount of funds into various projects. There are two top projects that Laura believes hold the most promise. She decides to arrange a structured debate for the two top proposals. Importantly, th
Dialectic method
Which of the following tips should be used by managers to reduce personality conflict?
Investigate and document conflict.
_____ usually involves a single issue in which one person gains at the expense of the other.
Distributive negotiation
The _____ conflict-handling style is appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power. It is inappropriate when overuse would lead to inconclusive action.
compromising
The _____ conflict-handling style is appropriate when an unpopular solution must be implemented, the issue is minor, or a deadline is looming. It is inappropriate in an open and participative climate.
dominating
_____ is an alternative dispute resolution technique where the disputing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral third party in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses.
Arbitration
Which of the following is true regarding touch as a source of nonverbal communication?
People tend to touch those they like.
_____ is a give-and-take decision-making process involving interdependent parties with different preferences.
Negotiation
_____ is a work practice in which an employee does his or her job in a remote location using a variety of information technologies.
Teleworking
Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an assertive communication style?
The use of "I" and cooperative "we" statements
Refer: Table 14-2
_____ entails translating thoughts into a code or language that can be understood by others.
Encoding
_____ consists of translating verbal, oral, or visual aspects of a message into a form that can be interpreted.
Decoding
Speech impairments, poor telephone connections, and poor hearing and eyesight are examples of _____.
noise
According to the perceptual model of communication, _____ is anything that interferes with the transmission and understanding of a message.
noise
Sender barriers, encoding barriers, and decoding barriers are examples of a _____ barrier.
personal
A _____ listener makes sense of a message by first organizing specific thoughts and actions and then integrates this information by focusing on relationships among ideas.
comprehensive
Which of the following statements about the grapevine is true?
It encompasses all types of communication media.
Dana is trying to talk to a client from Russia. But his Russian accent is so thick that she can hardly understand what he is saying. In this situation, Dana's communication with her client is hampered due to _____.
noise
_____ is recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation.
Empowerment
Which of the following verbal patterns is characteristic of an aggressive communicator?
Sexist or racist terms
Delegation amounts to:
power distribution.
Delegation is highly successful when:
employees are competent.
Greater delegation is associated with the following factors: (1) employees are competent, (2) employees share manager's task objectives, (3) managers have a long-standing and positive relationship with employees, and (4) the lower
Legitimate power is anchored to one's:
formal position.
Role models most likely have _____ power over those who identify closely with them.
referent
Which of the following is considered to be a soft influence tactic?
Personal appeal
He will do it because I am the CEO and I say so!" This statement reflects a reliance on _____ power.
referent
negative legitimate
_____ occurs when an individual takes an active and self-starting approach to work and goes beyond what is formally required in a given job.
Personal initiative
_____ is the process whereby employees play a direct role in setting goals, making decisions, solving problems, and making changes in the organization.
Participative management
A sales manager who threatens to fire any salesperson who uses a company car for personal purposes is relying on _____ power.
coercive
You own your own management consulting firm. At a recent seminar, the owner of a local supermarket chain asks you to help him differentiate between a coalition and a network. Which of the following would be a correct response?
Networks are people oriented.
_____ encompasses the fundamental managerial activities of setting goals, monitoring progress toward goal achievement, and rewarding and punishing people for their level of goal accomplishment.
Transactional leadership
Which of the following is true about the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership?
It focuses on the quality of relationships between managers and subordinates as opposed to the behaviors or traits of either leaders or followers.
According to the path-goal leadership theory:
effective leaders possess and use more than one style of leadership.
According to the leader-member exchange model of leadership, in-group exchanges are characterized by mutual _____.
trust
Which of the following environmental factors is a contingency factor that describes leadership effectiveness?
Work group dynamics
According to Fiedler's contingency model, _____ is the most important component of situational control.
leader-member relations
Which of the following is true about employees with an internal locus of control?
They are more likely to prefer participative or achievement-oriented leadership.
Consideration involves leader behavior associated with:
creating mutual trust and respect within group members.
According to _____, leader behavior is acceptable when employees view it as a source of satisfaction.
House's path-goal theory
Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the transactional model of leadership?
Jim sets goals, monitors progress toward goal achievement, and rewards and punishes people for their level of goal accomplishment.
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree of pre-arrangement contained within duties performed by the work group.
task structure
According to the path-goal theory, when a manager presents the work group in a positive light to others and maintains positive relationships with influential others, he or she exemplifies _____ behavior.
representation and networking
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.
leader-member relations
Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the servant-leadership model of leadership?
Jim refrains from engaging in self-serving behaviors that hurt others and focuses on increased service to others rather than to himself.
A hollow organization results from strategic application of the trend toward:
outsourcing.
Which of the following is true of spans of control?
Wider spans of control complement today's trend toward greater worker autonomy.
Generally, the narrower the span of control, the closer the supervision and the higher the administrative costs as a result of a higher manager-to-worker ratio. Wider spans co
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of virtual organizations?
Members of virtual organizations rely heavily on face-to-face meetings.
Instead of relying heavily on face-to-face meetings, members of _____ organizations send e-mail and voice-mail messages, exchange project information over the Internet, and convene videoconferences among dispersed participants.
virtual
Learning organizations strive to:
learn from successes and failures.
Which of the following approaches to organization design says that, organizations tend to be more effective when they are structured to fit the demands of the situation?
Contingency approach
A(n) ______ actively attempts to infuse the organization with new ideas and information by scanning the external environment and hiring new talent.
learning organization
Which of the following is true of centralized organizations?
They are more tightly controlled.
Johnson & Co. has divided its employees according to the locations of the customers that they tend to. Thus, it has teams that cater to the urban areas, semi-urban areas, etc. Johnson & Co. is said to have a _____ structure.
divisional
When measuring organizational effectiveness, the _____ approach is appropriate when inputs have a traceable impact on results or output.
resource acquisition
According to the criterion of _____, effectiveness is gauged by how well the organization meets the demands and expectations of key interest groups.
strategic constituencies satisfaction
Religuard is a pharmaceutical company that has factories in Taiwan. Due to strict environmental regulations in the country, Religuard has had to shut operations at three of its five manufacturing units. Which of the following external forces of change had
Social and political pressures
Janis Parker is in charge of marketing for a department store sale. During previous sales, she has had success using only radio advertisements to draw customers into the store for a sale. A colleague suggests TV commercials as another approach to marketin
Past success
Which of the following is an assumption of Lewin's change model?
Effective change requires proper reinforcement of new behaviors and attitudes.
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, or new ways of looking at things.
changing
According to the systems model of change, organization culture and group processes are examples of _____, which are target elements of change.
social factors
The four components of organizational development are:
diagnosis, intervention, evaluation, feedback.
_____ is an emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine.
Resistance to change
Which of the following is true of organization development (OD)?
It possesses the same diagnostic focus associated with the systems model of change.
Stressors are _____ factors that produce stress.
Environmental demands, referred to as stressors, produce an adaptive response that is influenced by individual differences.
According to the systems model of change, all organizational changes should be consistent with an organization's:
mission statement.
Which of the following is an advantage of education + communication as a strategy for overcoming resistance to change?
Once persuaded, people will often help with the implementation of the change.
_____ changes fall midway on the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty.
Innovative
_____ is based on pessimistic and negative assumptions about human nature.
Theory X
_____ capital represents the productive potential of an individual's knowledge and actions.
Human
_____ refers to using the Internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business.
E-business
According to W. Edwards Deming, when things go wrong, there is roughly a(n) ______ % chance the system (e.g., management, machinery, or rules) is at fault and about a(n) _____ % chance the individual employee is at fault.
85, 15
In Carroll's global corporate social responsibility pyramid, _____ responsibility states that one should do what is required by stakeholders.
legal
People-centered management practices are associated with:
higher profits.
Intel spends millions of dollars each year to encourage education in math and science by holding tough contests with scholarships. This policy:
builds human capital.
Which of the following is an assumption of McGregor's Theory X?
Most people dislike work and they avoid it when they can.
Which of the following is true about organizational behavior (OB)?
OB is both research and application oriented.
_____ capital represents the productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort.
Social
Which of the following is defined as, "continuous, customer-centered, employee-driven improvement?
Total quality management
Which of the following moral principles of Hodgson states that all have the right be treated equitably, and the right to the necessities of life, especially those in deep need and the helpless?
Fairness
Which of the following is a characteristic of a 21st century manager?
Multicultural orientation
Refer: Table 1-2
A _____ is a statistical pooling technique that allows behavioral scientists to draw conclusions about certain variables from many different studies.
meta-analysis
The book, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization, that advised managers to attend to employees' emotional needs, was written by _____.
Elton Mayo
Which of the following calls for using management techniques in a situationally appropriate manner instead of relying on "one best way"?
Contingency approach
According to the information/decision-making theory:
heterogeneous work groups will outperform homogeneous work groups.
_____ is a barrier to implementing successful diversity programs that particularly affects women.
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues
Which of the following statements affirmative action is true?
It is not supported by people who possess racist or sexist attitudes.
According to the social categorization theory:
homogeneous work groups will outperform heterogeneous work groups.
_____ is the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.
Ethnocentrism
_____ involves creating organizational changes that enable all people to perform up to their maximum potential.
Managing diversity
_____ is an example of an internal dimension of diversity.
Sexual orientation
Refer: Figure 2-1
Differences are squelched or discouraged when using the approach of _____.
suppression
Affirmative action programs often have _____ effects on the job satisfaction of women and minority employees who supposedly benefited from them.
negative
_____ is an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake, and/or outright discrimination.
Affirmative action
Which of the following is true about an affirmative action?
It is viewed more positively by people who are liberals and Democrats than conservatives and Republicans.
The basic premise behind _____ is that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group.
assimilation
Which of the following is an example of an external dimension of diversity?
Income
Which of the following is an example of reasonable accommodation of sincerely held religious beliefs?
Flexible scheduling
A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. Examples of reasonable accommodation include: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps,
Which of the following is true with respect to educational attainment and occupational requirements?
American companies are more likely to hire more immigrants to fill entry-level positions.
The mismatch between educational attainment and occupational requirements has both short- and long-term implications for organizations and countries alike. American
_____ is the core layer of diversity.
Personality
Refer: Figure 2-1
Which of the following organizational cultures values stability, and focuses on achieving effectiveness with measures of timeliness, efficiency, and safety?
Hierarchy culture
The hierarchy culture has an internal focus, which produces a more formalized and structured work environment, and values stability and control over flexibility. Effectiveness in a company with this type of culture is likely to be assess
Organizational commitment has the strongest positive correlation with _____ cultures.
adhocracy
Refer: Figure 3-4
In the _____ phase of the socialization process, the employee tries to reconcile unmet expectations and make sense of the new work environment.
encounter
_____ socialization is the practice of segregating a newcomer from regular organization members during a defined socialization period versus not clearly distinguishing a newcomer from more experienced members.
Formal
Refer: Table 3-1
Southstar, Inc. manufactures high-quality widgets. The widgets have to be built exactly according to the specifications provided. This requires the use of controlled processes and precise measurements. The company also needs to maintain high efficiency in
Hierarchy culture
_____ is a psychosocial function of mentoring.
Role modeling
_____ is (are) the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its environment.
Organizational culture
_____ are enduring beliefs in a mode of conduct or end-state that transcend situations and are ordered by relative importance.
Values
Realistic job previews _____.
alter unrealistic expectations
Frequent interactions, reciprocity, and positive feelings between a prot�g� and developer indicate a _____.
strong developmental relationship
Developmental relationship strength reflects the quality of relationships among the individual and those involved in his or her developmental network. For example, strong ties are reflective of relationships based on freq
Troy had received a job offer straight out of college and had moved to Omaha a year ago. He has been introduced to numerous people in his workplace, his community, and his church. Although it's nice to see a familiar face, he doesn't see them too often an
Opportunistic
The diversity and strength of developmental relationships result in four types of developmental networks: receptive, traditional, entrepreneurial, and opportunistic. An opportunistic network is associated with having weak ties with multiple
A(n) _____ culture leads to the development of reliable internal processes, extensive measurement, and the implementation of a variety of control.
hierarchy
The hierarchy culture has an internal focus, which produces a more formalized and structured work environment, and values stability and control over flexibility. This orientation leads to the development of reliable internal processes, extensive
Expatriate refers to:
anyone living and/or working outside their home country.
Culture generally remains below the threshold of conscious awareness because it involves _____ assumptions.
taken-for-granted
Continuity is the most important work-related value for ____.
Muslims
People from _____ cultures rely heavily on situational cues for meaning.
high-context
People from high-context cultures�including China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, and Arab cultures�rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others. Nonverbal cues such as one's official position, st
The majority of people from high-context cultures prefer:
negotiations to be slow and ritualistic.
Refer: Figure 4-2
The most important work-related value for Catholics is:
treating employees in a considerate fashion.
People from _____ cultures tend to place greater emphasis on community goals and subordinate their own wishes and goals.
collectivist
Collectivist cultures rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals. People in collectivist cultures are expected to subordinate their own wishes and goals to those of the relevant social unit.
People from low-context cultures most value:
expertise and performance.
Refer: Figure 4-2
_____ refers to the idea that there are always exceptions to the rule; individuals who do not fit the expected cultural pattern.
Cultural paradox
Andrew belongs to a culture in which most people including Andrew have freedom in their economic and political pursuits. Further, this culture gives priority to Andrew's interests over the interests of the relevant social unit. Which of the following cult
Individualism
People from high-context cultures prefer:
to come to agreement by general trust.
Based on Hofstede's research, _____ reflects how loosely or closely a person is socially bonded.
individualism-collectivism
_____ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
As defined by the GLOBE project, _____ reflects the extent to which society should encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly, and generous.
humane orientation
People in polychronic cultures view time as _____.
multidimensional
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how confrontational and dominant should individuals be in social relationships.
assertiveness
_____ represent(s) complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves.
Emotions
Richard S Lazarus, a leading authority on the subject of emotions, defines emotions as "complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselve
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.
openness to experience
Refer: table 5-2
Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management are all components of _____.
emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways. Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ, emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness,
People with an internal locus of control tend to _____.
believe that they control the events that affect their lives
Which of the following mental abilities was found to be a valid predictor of job performance for both minority and majority applicants?
Spatial ability
Personnel selection researchers have found verbal ability, numerical ability, spatial ability, and inductive reasoning to be valid predictors of job performance for both minority and majority applicants.
_____ is defined as the extent to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation.
Self-monitoring
_____ is a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation.
Self-esteem
Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?
The Big Five personality structure is valid across different cultures.
_____ represent(s) an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
Intelligence
_____ represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects.
Skill
Debra hates veal, but at a party at her friend's house, she is served veal for dinner. She hides her revulsion, does not let anyone realize that she hates veal, and eats the other items on the menu. Which of the following can be ascertained from Debra's b
She is a high self-monitor.
_____ is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways.
Emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways. Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ, emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness,
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, _____ intelligence is the potential to live in harmony with one's environment.
naturalist
Inspirational leadership, influence, conflict management and teamwork/collaboration are all elements of _____.
relationship management
Emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. According to research, inspirational leadership, influence, conflict management and teamwor
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is trusting, good natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted.
agreeableness
Refer: Table 5-2
The _____ component of an attitude reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation.
cognitive
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature.
Universalism
Refer: Table 6-1
_____ represent an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting his or her job.
Withdrawal cognitions
Although some people quit their jobs impulsively or in a fit of anger, most go through a process of thinking about whether or not they should quit. Withdrawal cognitions encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual'
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ includes pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself?
Hedonism
Hedonism includes pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.
Refer: Table 6-1
_____ consists of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty and exceed work-role expectations.
Organizational citizenship behaviors
Organizational citizenship behaviors consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty. Examples include "such gestures as constructive statements about the department, expression of personal interest in t
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.
perceived behavioral control
Perceived behavior control refers to the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior and is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
Achievement
Refer: Table 6-1
_____ relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations.
Attitudes
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
Conformity
Refer: Table 6-1
_____ reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and works to achieve its goals.
Organizational commitment
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior.
subjective norm
Which of the following is a personal characteristic that influences employee engagement?
PE fit
Oliver stole three laptops from his workplace and sold them through an online buying and selling website. Oliver's stealing action is classified as a(n):
counterproductive behavior.
Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are types of behavior that harm employees and the organization as a whole. Stealing is an example of a counterproductive work behavior.
_____ represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his
cognitive dissonance
_____ have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
Attitudes
The difference between attitudes and values is clarified by considering the three components of attitudes: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.
Employees' identification with a particular organization tends to increase their:
affective commitment.
Affective commitment refers to the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with an organization because they want t
The _____ component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.
affective
The affective component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.
Which of the following is true?
Older employees quit less often than do younger employees.
One meta-analysis showed that age and turnover were negatively related. That is, older employees quit less often than did younger employees. Similarly, a second meta-analysis indicated that age wa
_____ involves interpreting and translating raw information into mental representations or categories.
Encoding and simplification
Observed information is not stored in memory in its original form. Encoding is required; raw information is interpreted or translated into mental representations.
_____ consists of three compartments containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people.
Long-term memory
David's boss has observed that David took about 12 hours to perform task A, B, and C. However, he took 24 hours to complete task D. David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks. Which of the following attributional inform
High distinctiveness
Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks. High distinctiveness means the individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than
According to Kelley's attribution model, consensus involves _____.
comparing an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers
There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently.
Another name for the Pygmalion effect is _____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
_____ reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors.
Fundamental attribution bias
The fundamental attribution bias reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. This bias causes perceivers to ignore important environ
A _____ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.
schema
Cognitive-category labels are needed to make schemata meaningful.
Tommy always knew he was meant to be an achiever. He started a small business in his home town but believed that he would make it big one day. Slowly, through years of hard work and perseverance, his business grew into a multi-million dollar company. Whic
The Galatea effect
Galatea effect occurs when an individual's high self-expectations for him- or herself lead to high performance. The key process underlying both the Pygmalion and Galatea effects is the idea that people's expectations or beliefs determin
_____ is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.
Leniency
Leniency is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion. Rating a professor high on all dimensions of performance regardless of
The _____ represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
self-serving bias
The self-serving bias represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. The self-serving bias suggests employees will attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontroll
If managers use _____, inaccurate evaluations of job applicants and employees may result.
faulty schemata
Faulty schemata about what constitutes good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisals, which erode work motivation, commitment, and loyalty. Therefore, it is important for managers to accurately identify the beh
According to Kelley's attribution model, consistency involves _____.
judging if the individual's performance on a given task is constant over time
contrasting a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks
Consistency is determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is consi
Susan believes that Mr. Ryan, who supervises her employees, definitely has room for improvement in the way he communicates with the employees. However, she feels uncomfortable saying anything bad about anybody, so she rates Mr. Ryan's performance higher t
Leniency
Leniency is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion. Rating a supervisor high on all dimensions of performance regardless of
_____ is a perceptual error that occurs when a rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object.
Halo
Halo is a perceptual error that occurs when a rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object.
Refer: Table 7-2
_____ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Needs
The _____ is defined as the desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve.
need for power
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are allocated.
Distributive justice
Which of the following is a bottom-up approach to job design?
Job crafting
_____ refers to any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on the-job productivity.
Job design
According to equity theory, _____ is an input in the employee-employer exchange.
skill
An employee's inputs, for which he or she expects a just return, include education/training, skills, creativity, seniority, age, personality traits, effort expended, and personal appearance.
As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum wage job. After paying rent and child-care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family ha
Physiological
Physiological needs are the most basic needs. They entail having enough food, air, and water to survive. Jen is struggling to meet these needs for her family.
_____ lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts.
Feedback
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
Supervisor relations
Herzberg found job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment. Specifically, company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervis
According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a _____.
moderator
According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a moderator.
Refer: Figure 8-4
_____ entails modifying a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.
Job enrichment
Which of the following is a managerial implication of expectancy theory?
Determine the outcomes that employees value
Refer: Table 8-2
_____ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Expectancy theory
Generally, expectancy theory can be used to predict motivation and behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made.
_____ represents the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a variety of tasks that require him or her to use different skills and abilities.
Skill variety
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, _____ represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance.
expectancy
_____ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action.
Goal
In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, the _____ need contains the needs for affection and belonging.
love
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for competence involves:
supporting and coaching employees.
Leading for competence involves supporting and coaching employees. Managers first need to make sure employees have the knowledge needed to successfully perform their jobs. Deficiencies can be handled through training and
Which of the following is an example of objective feedback?
You saved the company $2,000 by altering that delivery schedule."
Feedback is objective information about individual or collective performance. Subjective assessments do not qualify as objective feedback. But hard data such as units sold, days absent, do
_____ is an example of a pay for performance system.
Piece-rate pay
Pay for performance is the popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments. The most basic form of pay for performance is the traditional piece-rate plan, whereby the
Which of the following is an individual situational factor?
Job knowledge
Refer: Figure 9-1
Which of the following is a desired outcome of the performance improvement cycle?
Persistent effort
Refer: Figure 9-1
Which of the following is a situational factor that influences the performance improvement cycle?
Organizational culture
Refer: Figure 9-1
Matt completed his assignments on time as his teacher had said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before time. Which of the following made Matt complete his assignments on time?
Positive reinforcement
According to Thorndike's law of effect, behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to _____.
disappear
Thorndike formulated his famous law of effect, which says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear.
A(n) _____ goal targets specific end result.
performance outcome
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for progress involves:
monitoring and rewarding employees.
Social rewards are a type of _____ reward.
extrinsic
Personal feelings of self-satisfaction and accomplishment are examples of _____ rewards.
intrinsic
Which of the following statements about feedback is usually true?
The acceptance of feedback should not be treated as a given.
The final step in establishing a goal-setting program is to:
provide employees with support and feedback.
_____ feedback involves letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers.
360-degree
Barney was late to work one morning. So he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of _____.
punishment
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on tangible outcomes such as individual, group, or organization performance, or quantity and quality of performance.
performance: results
The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases is referred to as _____.
social loafing
The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases has come to be called social loafing. Management can curb this threat to group effectiveness by making sure the task is challenging and perceived as important.
_____ occurs when a cohesive group is unwilling to realistically view alternatives.
Groupthink
The task role of _____ involves suggesting new goals or ideas.
initiator
Refer: Table 10-4
Role _____ occurs when the role sender's expectations exceed the abilities of the focal person.
overload
According to organizational psychologist Edgar Schein, role overload occurs when "the sum total of what role senders expect of the focal person far exceeds what he or she is able to do." As the individual tries to do more and more in less and les
Sex-stereotyped jokes are examples of _____.
derogatory attitudes
Sex-stereotyped jokes are examples of impersonal derogatory attitudes. These are sexual harassment behaviors that reflect derogatory attitudes about men or women in general.
Refer: Table 10-5
The task role of coordinator serves to _____.
pull together ideas and suggestions
Task roles enable the work group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose. The coordinator task role serves to pull together ideas and suggestions.
Refer: Table 10-4
Assigning someone the role of devil's advocate when discussing major alternatives is a way to:
prevent groupthink.
The maintenance role of the _____ involves helping resolve conflict by meeting others half way.
compromiser
Maintenance roles foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships. The maintenance role of the coordinator involves helping resolve conflict by meeting others half way.
Refer: Table 10-4
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, members tend to be uncertain and anxious about their roles, who is in charge and the group's goals in the _____ stage.
forming
During this ice-breaking stage, group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about such things as their roles, who is in charge, and the group's goals. Mutual trust is low, and there is a good deal of holding back to see who takes charge and how
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the _____ stage is when activity is focused on solving task problems.
performing
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the "performing" stage is when activity is focused on solving task problems. As members of a mature group, contributors get their work done without hampering others.
A _____ leadership style is most beneficial in a group's early history.
directive and structured
Experts in the area of leadership contend that different leadership styles are needed as work groups develop. In general, it has been documented that leadership behavior that is active, aggressive, directive, structured, and task-
Which of the following is an example of an individual function of a formal group?
Give individuals an opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality
Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions: organizational and individual. One of them is to give individuals the opportunity to test and share
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
Inherent morality
Janis defines groupthink as "a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of
One way to prevent groupthink is to _____.
assign each member of the group the role of critical evaluator
Janis believes prevention is better than cure when dealing with groupthink. One of his recommendations is that each member of the group should be assigned the role of critical evaluator.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the _____ stage is a time of testing when group members test the leader's policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure.
storming
The "storming" stage of group development, is a time of testing, when individuals test the leader's policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure. Subgroups take shape, and subtle forms of rebellion, such
Which of the following steps can managers take to enhance socio-emotional cohesiveness?
Encourage interaction and cooperation.
Refer: Table 11-5
Managers can enhance socio-emotional cohesiveness by:
keeping the group relatively small.
Refer: Table 11-5
Maintree Systems encourages its employees to meet each other frequently, and systematically integrates their efforts to achieve a collective objective. Which of the following is Maintree Systems trying to achieve?
Cooperation
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams are decisions, selections, proposals, and recommendations.
advice
Refer: Table 11-2
Which of the following team competencies monitors, evaluates, and provides feedback on team performance?
Organizing and managing team performance
Refer: Table 11-3
The most common administrative task delegated to self-managed teams is _____.
setting work schedules
_____ is a sense of togetherness that develops when individuals derive emotional satisfaction from group participation.
Socio-emotional cohesiveness
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams include surgical operations and disaster assistance.
action
Refer: Table 11-2
Which of the following statements about cooperation is true?
Individuals are said to be cooperating when their efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective.
Which of the following is a typical mistake made by management that leads to team failure?
Vague or conflicting team assignments
Refer: Figure 11-2
_____ teams are created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions.
Advice
_____ is a sense of "we-ness" that helps groups stay together.
Cohesiveness
Cohesiveness is a process whereby a sense of 'we-ness' emerges to transcend individual differences and motives. Members of a cohesive group stick together. They are reluctant to leave the group.
Which of the following statements is true about production teams?
They require minimal training for routine tasks.
Which of the following is an internal constraint of bounded rationality that reduces rational decision making?
Human capital of the organization
Examples of internal resources that reduce rational decision making are the organization's human and social capital, financial resources, technology, plant and equipment, and internal processes and systems. External resou
People with a _____ style tend to be autocratic, exercise power and control, and focus on the short run.
directive
People with a directive style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. They are efficient, logical, practical, and systematic in their approach to solving problems. In their pu
_____ indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life.
Tolerance for ambiguity
Chauffer driven and group driven systems are used in _____.
computer-aided decision making
_____ is defined as the extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members.
Minority dissent
A team of researchers conducted two studies to determine whether a group's innovativeness was related to minority dissent, defined as the extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members, and a group's l
Which of the following is a feature of people with a conceptual style?
They are willing to take risks and are good at finding creative solutions to problems.
People with a conceptual style have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the people or social aspects of a work situation. Conceptual types adopt a long-
Which of the following is true about the expertise component of intuition?
This source of intuition increases with age and experience.
Expertise represents an individual's combined explicit knowledge (i.e., information that can easily be put into words) and tacit knowledge (i.e., information gained through experience that is dif
The _____ technique is used to help groups generate multiple ideas and alternatives for solving problems, to increase creativity using silent idea generation.
brainstorming
Which of the following actions should be adopted to reduce escalation of commitment?
Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence
Which of the following is true about consensus?
Voting is not encouraged because it can split the group into winners and losers.
_____ individuals are careful decision makers who take longer to make decisions but who also respond well to new or uncertain situations.
Analytic
Analytical style has a much higher tolerance for ambiguity and is characterized by the tendency to overanalyze a situation. People with this style like to consider more information and alternatives than do directives. Analytic individuals are car
Which of the following is true regarding judgmental heuristics?
They are used by people without conscious awareness.
Creative ideas at work are often triggered by work-related problems, incongruities, or failures. Which of the following stages focuses on the problem on hand?
Concentration
A manager of an advertising firm appointed two employees to strike an advertising deal with one of their big clients. They were chosen as they had made a similar agreement previously with another client. Which of the following biases was the manager engag
Representativeness heuristic
The representativeness heuristic is used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring. It reflects the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences.
_____ represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily accessible in his or her memory.
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory. Information is more accessible in memory when it involves an event that recently occurred, when
_____ entails identifying and choosing alternative solutions that lead to a desired state of affairs.
Decision making
The _____ technique is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts.
Delphi
_____ is appropriate for trivial issues or when the costs of confrontation outweigh the benefits of resolving the conflict.
Avoiding
Gerard had come up with a new promotional idea for the latest product that his firm had created. However, his colleague Karl stole the idea and took the credit for it. This led to significant conflict between them. Karl later felt guilty for his wrong act
conflict triangle
A conflict triangle occurs when two people are having a problem and, instead of addressing the problem directly with each other, one of them gets a third person involved. In this scenario, Gerard and Karl were having a conflict and when
Jim is head of the marketing department and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Jim believes hold the most promise. Recently, the majority of funds have been allocated to Project A, but Jim wonders if it is
Devil's advocacy
Two supervisors, Justin and Shawn, had been given instructions to trim their group size by two people. Justin's personality tended to favor people. He was generally more sensitive to people, and was a thoughtful supervisor. Shawn was just the opposite. He
Personality conflict
_____ conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement.
Personality
_____ is an alternative dispute resolution technique where a third party urges disputing parties to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner.
Facilitation
A(n) _____ is defined as a paid day off where an employee showing lack of dedication to the job is granted the opportunity to rethink his commitment to working at your company.
day of contemplation
A promising tool for nipping workplace incivility in the bud is a day of contemplation, defined as a paid day off where an employee showing lack of dedication to the job is granted the opportunity to rethink his commitment to working
Which of the following is true about in-group thinking?
In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups
In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups. This typically involves a distorted perception of reality. In-groups view outsiders as a thr
The strength of the _____ conflict-handling style is its longer lasting impact because it deals with the underlying problem rather than merely with symptoms.
integrating
A person using the _____ conflict-handling style tries to play down differences while emphasizing commonalities, even to the point of neglecting his or her own concerns to satisfy the concern of the other party.
obliging
An obliging person neglects his or her own concern to satisfy the concern of the other party. This style, often called smoothing, involves playing down differences while emphasizing commonalities.
_____ is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party.
Conflict
Which of the following statements about negotiation is true?
Personality characteristics can affect negotiating success.
Which of the following is true regarding the communication styles of men and women?
Men tend to ignore blame and place it elsewhere.
Refer: Table 14-4
Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is true?
ye contact conveys emotion.
_____ entails the temporary use of communication behaviors typical of the other gender in order to increase the potential for influence.
Genderflex
One day Sara's boss storms into her office and tells her, "I'm not at all satisfied with our work on the project, Sara. I'll expect better next time!" Then, he storms out. Sara, who has been working on five projects at the same time, has no idea which one
semantic
According to the contingency model for selecting media, which of the following choices falls into the overload zone?
The interactive medium for a low-complexity problem
According to the contingency model for selecting media, there are three zones of communication effectiveness. Effective communication occurs when the richness of the medium is matched appropriately with
The _____ model of communication is based on the belief that a receiver creates the meaning of a message in his or her mind, and the receiver's interpretation of the message may differ from the message intended by the sender.
perceptual
The _____ model depicts communication as a pipeline in which information and meaning are perfectly transferred from one person to another.
conduit
Historically, the communication process was described in terms of a conduit model. This model depicts communication as a pipeline in which information and meaning are transferred from person to person.
Harry is thinking about meeting Connie. He writes a text message to Connie, inviting her for a drink at the local bar. This is an example of _____.
encoding
This is an example of encoding. Encoding entails translating thoughts into a code or language that can be understood by others. This forms the foundation of the message.
_____ refers to language or terminology that is specific to a particular profession, group, or company.
Jargon
_____ listeners attempt to understand the main message and determine important points.
Discerning
One characteristic of good listeners is that they _____.
listen for the central or overall ideas
Effective listening is a learned skill that requires effort and motivation. One characteristic of good listeners is that they listen for the central or overall ideas.
Refer: Table 14-3
_____ listeners listen analytically and continually formulate arguments and challenges to what is being said. They tend to accept or reject messages based on personal beliefs, ask a lot of questions, and can become interruptive.
Discerning
Evaluative listeners listen analytically and continually formulate arguments and challenges to what is being said. They tend to accept or reject messages based on personal beliefs, ask a lot of questions, and can become interruptive.
_____ is a nonverbal body movement that communicates defensiveness.
Crossing one's legs
Defensiveness is communicated by gestures such as folding arms, crossing hands, and crossing one's legs. Body movements, such as leaning forward or backward, and gestures, such as pointing, provide additional nonverbal information that
_____ communication is the exchange of information from manager to subordinate.
Downward
Downward communication occurs when someone at a higher level in the organization sends information or a message to someone at a lower level. Managers generally provide five types of information through downward communication: strategies/goals, jo
Which of the following media is the richest form of communication?
Face-to-face
A two-way face-to-face conversation is the richest form of communication. It provides immediate feedback and allows for the observation of multiple cues such as body language and tone of voice.
Refer: Figure 14-2
A(n) _____ communication style is characterized by inhibition and self-denying behavior.
nonassertive
Refer: Table 14-2
Which of the following influence tactics gets others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes?
Consultation
There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. The consultation influence tactic gets others to part
Which of the following types of power tend to produce commitment, as opposed to compliance or resistance?
Expert, referent, and positive legitimate power
Reward, coercive, and negative legitimate power tend to produce compliance (and sometimes, resistance). On the other hand, positive legitimate power, expert power, and referent power tend to foster commitmen
Personalized power is exhibited when managers focus more on:
satisfying their own needs.
Personalized power is exhibited when managers: (1) focus more on satisfying their own needs, (2) focus less on the needs of their underlings, and (3) act like "the rules" others are expected to follow don't apply to them.
The _____ influence tactic involves referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request.
personal appeal
There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. The personal appeal influence tactic involves refe
Valued knowledge or information gives an individual _____ power over those who need such knowledge or information.
expert
Valued knowledge or information gives an individual expert power over those who need such knowledge or information. The power of supervisors is enhanced because they know about work schedules and assignments before their employees do.
Personal initiative:
is goal-directed and action-oriented.
Personal initiative is a behavior syndrome resulting in an individual's taking an active and self-starting approach to work and going beyond what is formally required in the given job. More specifically, personal init
A politically na�ve employee believes that _____.
the truth will win out
Refer: Table 15-2
Avoiding additional work and trying to get laid off are motives for _____.
making a poor impression
In a survey of the work experiences of business students at a large northwestern US university, four motives for intentionally looking bad at work were developed. They were: (1) avoidance, (2) obtain concrete rewards, (3) exit, an
_____ involves intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interests of individuals or groups.
Organizational politics
Organizational politics involves intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups. An emphasis on self-interest distinguishes this form of social influence.
The _____ influence tactic tries to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values.
inspirational appeal
There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to ot
Compared to coalitions, networks _____.
have broader agendas
Unlike coalitions, which pivot on specific issues, networks are loose associations of individuals seeking social support for their general self-interests. Politically, networks are people oriented, while coalitions are issue oriented.
My goal is to be a powerful advocate on the part of my constituents." This statement reflects a preference for _____ power.
socialized
According to Randolph's empowerment plan:
a clear vision should be created for the lower-level employees to follow.
According to Randolph's empowerment model, a clear vision should be created for the lower-level employees to follow. Heavy doses of training and direction should be provided for new
Which of the following is true of authoritarian power?
It has a low degree of employee empowerment and a high degree of managerial domination.
Authoritarian power is displayed when managers or leaders impose their decisions on their followers. It involves a low degree of employee empowerment and high degree o
What can managers do to keep organizational politics within reasonable bounds?
Screen out overly political individuals at hiring time
In order to keep organizational politics within reasonable bounds, managers can: (1) screen out overly political individuals at hiring time, (2) create an open-book management system, (3) make sure ev
If the second party grudgingly agrees to the first party's proposal and needs a lot of prodding to satisfy the minimum requirements, the second party is said to be exhibiting:
compliance.
The path-goal theory is based on the premise:
that an employee does not have to be a supervisor or manager to engage in leader behavior.
House places much more emphasis on the need for leaders to foster intrinsic motivation through empowerment. Shared leadership represents the final change in the rev
Transformational leaders:
can be ethical or unethical.
Transformational leaders can be ethical or unethical. Whereas ethical transformational leaders enable employees to enhance their self-concepts, unethical ones select or produce obedient, dependent, and compliant followers.
Which of the following is true about leadership?
It is a process between a leader and followers.
There are four commonalities among the many definitions of leadership: (1) leadership is a process between a leader and followers, (2) leadership involves social influence, (3) leadership occurs at multiple
According to Ohio State researchers, which of the following sets are the two independent dimensions of leader behavior?
Consideration; initiating structure
Researchers at Ohio State University began by generating a list of behaviors exhibited by leaders. At one point, the list contained 1,800 statements that described nine categories of leader behavior. Ultimately, the Ohi
Initiating structure involves leader behavior associated with:
organizing and defining what followers should be doing to maximize output.
Which of the following is true regarding gender and leadership?
Men and women are equally assertive.
What is a key takeaway message from the trait theory?
Management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent.
Management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent. This is a particularly important recommendation in light of results from corporate
According to the _____ theory of leadership, leadership is something that is learned. In other words, leaders are made, not born.
behavioral style
Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their _____.
goals and aspiration
Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations. They accomplish this transformation by appealing to followers' self-concepts�namely their values and personal id
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree of pre-arrangement contained within duties performed by the work group.
task structure
Task structure is concerned with the amount of structure contained within tasks performed by the work group. Because structured tasks have guidelines for how the job should be completed, the leader has more control and influence over employ
_____ focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.
Transactional leadership
_____ is defined as "a dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both.
Shared leadership
Shared leadership is defined as "a dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both. This influence process ofte
_____ leadership represents a general failure to take responsibility for leading.
Laissez-faire
The authors of the full-range model of leadership proposed that leadership behavior varied along a continuum from laissez-faire leadership�a general failure to take responsibility for leading�to transactional leadership to transformational l
Which of the following is true about transactional leadership?
It is based on using rewards and punishment to drive motivation and performance
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.
leader-member relations
Leader-member relations reflect the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group. This dimension is the most important component of situational control. Good leader-member relations suggest that
According to the leader-member exchange model of leadership, out-group exchanges are characterized by _____.
a lack of mutual respect
When measuring organizational effectiveness, the ______ approach is appropriate when powerful stakeholders can significantly benefit or harm the organization.
strategic constituencies
_____ is a systematic process of rigorously discussing hows and whats, questioning, tenaciously following through, and ensuring accountability.
Execution
Execution is a systematic process of rigorously discussing hows and whats, questioning, tenaciously following through, and ensuring accountability. It includes making assumptions about the business environment, assessing the organization's capab
_____ refers to the number of people reporting directly to a given manager.
Span of control
Which of the following is true regarding line and staff positions?
The president and executive directors of a company are examples of line managers.
Line managers such as the president, the executive directors, and the various directors occupy formal decision-making positions within the chain of command. Line positions g
An open system is:
dependent on the environment for survival.
They are capable of self-correction, adaptation, and growth, thanks to characteristics such as homeostasis and feedback control.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organic organization?
It has flexible networks of multitalented individuals.
Organic organizations have:
decentralized decision making.
An organization chart reveals an organization's:
line and staff positions.
To organization theorists, however, organization charts reveal much more. The organization chart reveals four basic dimensions of organizational structure: (1) hierarchy of authority (who reports to whom), (2) division of labor,
According to the criterion of _____, effectiveness is gauged by how well the organization meets or exceeds its stated objectives.
goal accomplishment
Goal accomplishment is the most widely used effectiveness criterion for organizations. Key organizational results or outputs are compared with previously stated goals or objectives. Deviations, either plus or minus, require corrective
Which of the following is a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?
It has a rigid bureaucracy.
It places a high emphasis on obedience and loyalty.
Mechanistic organizations are rigid bureaucracies with strict rules, narrowly defined tasks, and top-down communication. A mechanistic organization generally would have one of
Historically, spans of control of _____ were considered best.
7 to 10
A(n) _____ structure combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.
matrix
A matrix structure combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay. This generally combines functional and divisional chains of command to form a grid with two command structures, one shown vertically by function, and the ot
The starting point of organizational innovation is represented by the:
seeds of innovation.
There are three components that influence the benefits of innovation: seeds of innovation, challenges of innovation, and nutrients of innovation. Seeds of innovation represent the starting point of organizational innovation.
A _____ is a group of people working together to collectively enhance their capacities to create results that they truly care about.
learning organization
A learning organization is a group of people working together to collectively enhance their capacities to create results that they truly care about. A learning organization is one that proactively creates, acquires, and transfers kno
An organization chart is:
a graphic representation of formal authority and division of labor relationships.
An organization chart is a graphic representation of formal authority and division of labor relationships. To the casual observer, the term organization chart means the fami
_____ change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty.
Adaptive
Adaptive change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. It involves reimplementation of a change in the same organizational unit at a later time or imitation of a similar change by a different unit.
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, or new ways of looking at things.
changing
This is the stage in which organizational change takes place. This change, whether large or small, is undertaken to improve some process, procedure, product, service, or outcome of interest to management. Because change involves learning and doin
Sexual harassment experiences and bullying represent _____ stressors
group-level
Which of the following defines esteem support?
Providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any inadequacies.
Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships. One of the types of social support is esteem support, which is providing infor
According to John Kotter, when managers want to create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change, they should:
create a guiding coalition.
When managers create the guiding coalition Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change, they are taking the second of Kotter's eight steps for leading organizational change�create
_____ is a collection of personality characteristics that neutralize occupational stress.
Hardiness
Suzanne Kobasa, a behavioral scientist, identified a collection of personality characteristics that neutralize occupational stress. These collections of characteristics, referred to as hardiness, involve the ability to perceptually or behavioral
According to the systems model of change, structure and reward systems are examples of _____, which are target elements of change.
organizational arrangements
There are four targeted elements of change: organizational arrangements, social factors, methods, and people. Organizational arrangements include policies, procedures, roles, structure, rewards, and physical setting.
Reintroducing a familiar practice is an example of _____ change.
adaptive
Adaptive change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. It involves reimplementation of a change in the same organizational unit at a later time or imitation of a similar change by a different unit.
_____ involves spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities.
Social companionship
_____ in individuals with hardiness reflects the extent to which an individual is involved in whatever he or she is doing.
Commitment
Hardiness embraces the personality dimensions of commitment, locus of control, and challenge. Commitment reflects the extent to which an individual is involved in whatever he or she is doing.
Which of the following is true about the unfreezing stage of Lewin's Change Model?
The focus of this stage is to create the motivation to change.
The focus of the unfreezing stage of Lewin's Change Model is to create the motivation to change. In doing so, individuals are encouraged to replace old behaviors and attitudes with those desir
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves creating the motivation to change by encouraging people to replace old behaviors with those desired by management.
unfreezing
The focus of this stage is to create the motivation to change. In so doing, individuals are encouraged to replace old behaviors and attitudes with those desired by management. Managers can begin the unfreezing process by disconfirming the usefu
_____ of change are the components of an organization that may be changed.
Target elements
Target elements of change are the components of an organization that may be changed. They essentially represent change levers that managers can push and pull to influence various aspects of an organization.
Introducing a practice new to the organization is an example of _____ change.
innovative
Innovative changes fall midway on the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty. An experiment with flexible work schedules by a farm supply warehouse company qualifies as an innovative change if it entails modifying the way other firms in
_____ stressors are those directly associated with a person's job duties.
Individual-level
Individual-level stressors are those directly associated with a person's job duties. The most common examples of individual stressors are job demands, work overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, everyday hassles, perceived control over
_____ is a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.
Type A behavior
Type A behavior pattern is an action-emotion complex that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opp
_____ is an example of a group-level stressor.
Managerial behavior