Leadership
-Process between leaders and followers
-Involves social influence
-Occurs at multiple levels in an organization
-Focuses on goal accomplishment
Approaches to Studying Leadership
Contingency approaches focused on identifying the types of leadership behaviors that are most effective in different settings.
The transformational approach is the most popular perspective for studying leadership today.
Characteristics of Being a Leader and a Manager
leaders manage and managers lead, but the two activities are not synonymous
Broadly speaking, managers typically perform functions associated with planning, investigating, organizing, and control, and leaders deal with the interpersonal aspects of a manag
Leader Trait Theory
Trait theory is the successor to what was called the "great man" theory of leadership. This approach was based on the assumption that leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., or Mark Zuckerberg were born with some inborn ability to lead. I
Implicit leadership theory
based on the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers. These beliefs are summarized in what is called a leadership prototype.
Leadership prototype
mental representations of the traits and behaviors that people believe are possessed by leaders.
Although past research demonstrated that people were perceived as leaders when they exhibited masculine-oriented traits and behaviors associated with masculin
Is Honesty a Critical Leadership Trait?
James Kouzes and Barry Posner attempted to identify key leadership traits by asking the following open-ended question to more than 20,000 people around the world: "What values (personal traits or characteristics) do you look for and admire in your superio
Is Emotional Intelligence a Key Leadership Trait?
Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways: The six components of emotional intelligence are shown in Table 5-5. Given that leadership is an influence process between leaders and followe
Is Personality More Important Than Intelligence?
extraversion was most consistently and positively related to both leadership emergence and effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also were positively correlated with leadership effectiveness. personality is more important than intell
Bad Leader Traits
-Incompetent - The leader and at least some followers lack the will or skill (or both) to sustain effective action. With regard to at least one important leadership challenge, they do not create positive change.
-Rigid - The leader and at least some follo
Gender and Leadership
(1) Men and women were seen as displaying more task and social leadership, respectively;
(2) women used a more democratic or participative style than men, and men used a more autocratic and directive style than women;
(3) men and women were equally assert
Behavioral Styles Theory
The Ohio State Studies identified two independent dimensions of leader behavior.
-Consideration: creating mutual respect and trust with followers.
-Initiating structure: organizing and defining what group members should be doing.
-Leader behaviors can be
Peter Drucker's Tips for Improving Leadership Effectiveness
Situational theories
propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation.
Fiedler's Contingency Model
based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches characteristics of the situation at hand.
Fiedler believes that leaders have one dominant or natural leadership style that is resistan
Path-Goal Theory
Describes how leadership effectiveness is influenced by the interaction between four leadership styles - directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented
Path-goal theory has two groups of contingency variables. They are employee characteristics
Categories of Leader Behavior within the Revised Path-Goal Theory
Three key changes:
1) Leadership is more complex and involves a greater variety of leader behavior.
2) The role of intrinsic motivation and empowerment in influencing leadership effectiveness
3) Shared leadership
Applying Situational Theories
1) Identify important outcomes. This step entails a determination of the goals the leader is trying to achieve. It is important to identify the key goals that exist at a specific point in time.
2) Identify relevant leadership types/behaviors. This step re
The Full-range Model of Leadership
Transactional Leadership focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance. encompasses the fundamental managerial activities of setting goals, monitoring progr
Support for transformational leadership underscores six important managerial implications.
1) the establishment of a positive vision of the future�inspirational motivation�should be considered a first step at applying transformational leadership.
2) the best leaders are not just transformational; they are both transactional and transformational
The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model of Leadership
Focuses on the quality of relationships between managers and subordinates as opposed to the behaviors or traits of either leaders or followers.
Assumes that leaders develop unique one-on-one relationships with direct reports.
In-group exchange
-Leaders an
Shared Leadership
dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both
This influence process often involves peer, or lateral, influence and at other ti
Servant leadership
focuses on increasing services to others rather than to oneself
less likely to engage in self-serving behaviors that hurt others
The Role of Followers in the Leadership Process
the success of both leaders and followers is contingent on the dynamic relationship among the people involved.
both leaders and followers are closely linked. You cannot lead without having followers, and you cannot follow without having leaders.
both lead
four-step process for followers to use in managing the leader-follower relationship.
First, it is critical for followers to understand their boss. Followers should attempt to gain an appreciation for their manager's leadership style, interpersonal style, goals, expectations, pressures, and strengths and weaknesses. One way of doing this i