APES Chapter 2 Vocab House

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

Atom

The smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of the element

Element

A substance composed of atoms that can not be broken down into smaller, simpler components

Periodic Table

Lists all the currently known elements

Molecules

Particles containing more than one atom

Compounds

Molecules that contain more than one element

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

Mass Number

Total number of protons and neutrons in a element

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Half-life

The period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays

Covalent Bonds

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons

Ionic Bond

Weak bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Hydrogen Bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Polar Molecule

A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed

Surface Tension

Results form the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

Capillary Action

Adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules

Acid

A substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

Base

Substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

pH

Way to indicate a Acid or Base

Chemical Reaction

Occurs when atoms separate for the molecules they are a part of or recombine with other molecules

Law of Conservation of Matter

States that matter is neither created nor destroyed, only changed in form

Inorganic compounds

Compounds that either (a) do not contain carbon or (b) do contain carbon, but only carbon bounded to elements other than hydrogen

Organic Compound

Compounds that have carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Carbohydrates

Compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Proteins

Made of long chains of nitrogen-containing organic molecules called amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Organic compounds found in all living cells

Lipids

small biological molecules that do not mix with water (ex. fat, wax,and steroids)

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

Energy

The ability to do work or transfer heat

Electromagnetic Radiation

Radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge

Joule

Amount of energy used when 1-watt light bulb in turned on for 1 second

Power

Rate at which work is done

Potential Energy

energy stored but has not yet been released

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

Chemical Energy

Potential energy stored in a chemical bond

Temperature

Measure of kinetic energy in an object

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

When energy is transformed, the quality of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

Energy Efficiency

The percentage of energy put into a system that does useful work

Energy Quality

The ease with which and energy source can be used for work

Entropy

All systems move toward randomness rather than toward order

Open System

exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

Closed System

Matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries do not occur

Inputs

Additions given to a system

Outputs

Losses from a system

System Analysis

Determining inputs, outputs, and changes in the system under various conditions

Steady State

Whether inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time

Feedback

Adjustments in input or output rates caused by changes to a system

Negative Feedback Loops

A system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or at least by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

Positive Feedback Loops

self-amplifying change, normal way of producing rapid changes

Adaptive Management Plan

Strategy that provides flexibility to that managers can modify it as future changes occur