Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children each woman has over her lifetime, expressed as a yearly rate based on fertility occurring during a particular year
Replacement level Fertility
the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves, theoretically 2.0 , but adjusted slightly higher because of mortality and failure to reproduce.
Infant Mortality
Infant deaths per thousand live births
Population Profile
a bar graph plotting numbers of males and females for successive ages in the population, starting with youngest at the botom.
Population Momentum
effect of current age structure on future population growth. Determinded by percent of population in younger v. older age. COUNTRIES with a large base oy younger pop. along time to achieve stability
Crude Birthrate
Number of livebirths per thousnad in a population, in a given year
Crude Death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people in a population, in a given year
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Epidemiologic Transition
The shift from high death rates to low death rates in a population as a result of modern medical and sanitary developments.
Fertility Transition
The decline of birthrates from high levels to low levels in a population
Demographic Transition
The tendency of a population to shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a result of the epidemiologic and fertility transitions. The result is a population that grows very slowly or not at all.
Affluence
abundant wealth, which causes large use of recourses.
Developed Countries
industrialized , higher average income, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies
Developing Countries
those countries classified by the world bank as "intermediate" and "low" income nations. the distinction is made on the basis of the country's gross national income (GNI)
Age Structure
the proportion of people in each age group at a given date.
Graying
the increasing average age in populations in developed countries and in many developing countries that is occurring because of decreasing birthrates and increasing longevity
1. if we speed up economic development in the growth countries, population growth will slow down "automatically," as it did in the developed countries. 2. we need to concentrate on population policies and family planning technologies to bring down birthra
How to create a demographic transition?
Millennium Goals
A comprehensive set of goals aimed at addressing the most important needs people in the developing countries to improve their well-being, adopted by the United Nations at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000.
World Bank
a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
Social Modernization
A process of sustainable development that leads developing countries through the demographic transition by promoting education, family planning, and health improvements rather than simply economic growth.
Microlending
The process of providing very small loans (usually $50 to $500) to poor people to facilitate their starting a small enterprise and becoming economically self-sufficient.
Cairo Conference
144 countries agreed population crisis must be dealt with
1. Focus agriculture on growing cash crops for export. 2. Cut back on departments that need to be financed. 3. Rapid exploitation of resources.
What happens with a debt crisis?
Plus contraceptives = less fertility. Plus income = less fertility. Plus social programs = less fertility.
How to slow fertility rates?