the chemical behavior of an atom
is controlled by its electrons
covalent bond
A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
reactive element
An element with an unfilled outermost energy level is called
decomposition reaction
the breakdown of a molecule into smaller components.
denature of the enzyme.
What happens to an enzyme that is exposed to extreme temperatures (outside its normal range)
enzymes
work by lowering the energy of activation of a chemical reaction
Secondary structure
protein shape characterized by the alpha helix or a flat-pleated sheet
The more acidic a solution is
the more hydrogen ions it has
buffers
maintain an almost constant pH
1
pH value represents the most acidic solution
the composition of salt
any cation (except hydrogen) and any anion (except hydroxide)
Acidosis
when blood pH is below 7.35
Glycogen
a polysaccharide
Steroids
they are involved in the regulation of sexual function;
they are important in the regulation of tissue metabolism and mineral balance;
they are important in the maintenance of cell membranes
Water
It freezes at zero degrees Centigrade;
It has a high specific heat.;
It dissolves many substances
ATP
is NOT a carbohydrate
cation
an ion w/ a positive charge
anion
an ion w/ a negative charge
potential energy
stored energy
saturated
A fatty acid with no double bonds in its carbon chain
Phospholipid
structurally related to the glycolipid and are important in the maintenance of cell membranes.
Peptide bond
is the bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
Globular
protein is compact and generally rounded and readily enters an aqueous solution
Outermost energy level
aspect of an atom that determines its chemical properties
liquid
has a definite volume, but no definite shape
basic or alkaline solution
more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
primary function of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides and disaccharides
Serving as an important energy source
How many electrons can the second energy level hold when it is completely filled? (Figure 2-3)
8
Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons
are inert gases