According to social process theories, criminal behavior is
Learned by interaction with others.
Social What theories assume everyone has the potential to violate the law.
Process
Which of the following is not a social process theory?
Strain theory
What theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
Social control
According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is
learned
Given the basic principles of differential association theory, which of the following situations is most likely to produce delinquency?
A juvenile's parents, with whom he is close, are drug abusers.
The idea that the behaviors of others are observed and modeled is the basis of which of Akers' primary learning mechanisms?
Imitation
Rather than focusing on factors that cause criminal behavior, What theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.
Social control
Walter Reckless considers What containment to be fare more effective in preventing crime.
Inner
Social bond theory postulates that
crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken.
A college student who is expecting to graduate at the end of the semester considers shoplifting some textbooks from the bookstore to save cost of buying them. She decides against it because the possibility of being expelled from the university a few month
Commitment
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is
Self-control
According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is
the reactions of society
The What deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.
Secret
Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of What shaming.
Stigmatic
Which of the following is not an example of a total institution?
A university
Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should
work to build prosocial bonds
Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence.
Social development theories tend to combine various points of view, so they are frequently What theories.
Intergrated
Which of the following is not a question that a life course researcher would ask?
How do individuals make rational choices to commit crimes?
Elder's principle of What refers to the fact that the development impact of a succession of life transitions is contingent on when a person's life they occur.
Historical time and place
Which of the following factors would probably not enhance you social capital?
Losing a job
Which of the following is typical of a life course persistent offender?
Consistent involvement in antisocial behavior across a wide spectrum of social situations.
An offender goes through a court-ordered rehabilitation program and does not recidivate. This is an example of
Persistence
Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that What percent of cohort members accounted for over 50% of all arrests.
6
According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects ( as young as three years old) are most likely o be found on the What pathway to delinquency.
Authority conflict
Which of the following is not a major focus of social development theory- based policy?
Providing early childhood training and education to ensure the development of individual self-control.
Social development theories have been criticized for What issues.
Definitional
Social process theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law.
TRUE
According to differential association theory, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior.
FALSE
According to Burgess and Akers, criminal behavior is learned according to the principles of operant conditioning.
TRUE
Differential identification theory states that a role model must be an actual person.
FALSE
External containments are the most effective in preventing law violations.
FALSE
Delinquent behavior may enhance self-esteem.
TRUE
According to Hirschi, a psychopath has an overdeveloped attachment in society.
FALSE
Wikstrom's theory emphasizes the situation as the core unit of analysis.
TRUE
According to labeling theory, no act is intrinsically deviant.
TRUE
According to labeling theory, a negative self-image precedes delinquency.
FALSE
The concept of reintegrative shamming emphasizes stigmatization and amplification of deviance.
FALSE
Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should emphasize prosocial bonds.
TRUE
According to the social development perspective, development begins well after birth.
FALSE
Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders.
TRUE
Adolescence- limited offenders tend to fail in school and become involved in delinquency at an early age.
FALSE
According to the cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the life course patterns found in the U.S. are distinctly different from those of English delinquents.
FALSE
Children who do not develop adequate verbal coping skills are more likely to commit aggressive acts.
TRUE
Early intervention in delinquent behavior is suggested by social development theories.
TRUE
Social development theories have been criticized for definitional issues.
TRUE
The meaningful roles and activities provided for individuals by society are important What containments.
External
What theory has been criticized for a lack of firm empirical support.
Social development
Unlike social learning theory, social development does not see What as the primary feature of the social context in which development occurs.
Rules of communication and socialization