supranational criminology
the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the supranational penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried.
surplus value
the marxist view that the laboring classes produce wealth that far exceeds their wages and goes to the capitalist class as profits.
marginalization
displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream
dropout factories
high schools in which the completion rate is consistantly 40 percent or less.
globalization
the process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy
state organized crime
acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives
instrumental theory
the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class. The state is a tool for the capitalists
demystify
to unmask the true purpose of law, justice, or other social institutions
structural theorists
the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system
social dynamite
unemployed racial minorities who present a real threat to society and must be controlled and incapacitated.
left realism
John Lea and Jock Young
an approach that views crime as a function of relative depravation under capitalism and that favors pragmatic, community based crime prevention and control
Preemptive deterrence
is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.
critical feminism
scholars, both male and female, who focus on the effects of gender inequality and the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society.
double marginality
capitalists control the labor of workers, and men control women both economically and biologically.
doing gender
A mans struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness
power control theory
the view that gender differences in crime are a function of economic power (class position, one-earner versus two earner families) and parental control (paternalistic vs. egalitarian families)
role exit behaviors
in order to escape from a stifling life in male dominated families, firls may try to break away by running away and or even attempting suicide.
peacemaking criminology
an approach that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counterproductive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crime
restorative justice
using humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony
reintegrative shaming
a method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused and then be reincluded in society.
critical criminology
the view of crime as a function of social conflict and economic rivalry between the haves and the have nots
roots of critical criminology
social philosopher Karl Marx
marx identified the economic structures in society that control all human relations
Marx's communist manifesto -- oppressive labor conditions, dehumanized workers, human relations controlled by economic structures.
historical development
productive forces and productive relations
productive forces are technology, energy sources, and material resources
Productive relations are the relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services.
Marx propsed the theory that unequal distribution of power and wealth produce crime.
crime develops as a result of social conflict
historical development 2
most important relations in industrial culture is between
capitalist bourgeoisie-the owners of production
Proletariat-people who do the actual work
Lumpen proletariat- the bottom of society, the fringe members who produce nothing and live off the work of others.
Marxist view of crime
viewed crime as the product of law enforcement policies akin to a labeling process theory.
identified a connection between criminality and the inequality found in the capitalist system
creating a critical criminology
became prominant in the 1960's
1968 national deviancy conference
critical of the positivist view of crime
called attention to the ways in which social control might actually cause deviance rather than just respond to antisocial behavior
creating a critical criminology 2
1973 critical theory was published in the new criminology
criminologists began to view the justice system as a mechanism to control the lower class and maintain the status quo.
Law, order, and power (chambliss and Seidman)
described how the control of the political and economic system effect how criminal justice is administered
social reality of crime
Quinney
law represents the interests of those who hold power in society
power
the ability of persons and groups to determine and control the behavior of others and to shape public opinion to meet their personal needs
unequal distribution of power causes conflict
contemporary critical criminology
comparing crime rates of members of powerless groups with those of members of the elite classes
economic marginalization turns people to violent crime for survival
examining the criminal justice systems operations
causes of crime
surplus value
the key crime producing element of modern corporate capitalism is the effort to increase surplus value.
economic growth does not benefit all elements of the population
as surplus value increases, more people are displaced from productive relationships
causes of crime
marginalization
as more poeple are placed outside the economic mainstream, a larger population is forced to live in areas conducive to crime, this produces a weakend bond to society
causes of crime
globalization
refers to the process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems; creating a global economy
benefits third world nations creates surplus value for owners at the cost of workers in developed countries
critical theorists view the concept of surplus value on a global scale.
causes of crime
state organized crime
illegal domestic surveillance
human rights violations
state corporate crime
state violence
state organized crime and war
instrumental theory
views criminal law and the criminal justice system as instruments for controlling the poor, have not members of society
structural theory
law is used to maintain the long term interests of the capitalist system
law is used to control members of any class who pose a threat to its existance
law is designed to keep the capitalist system working efficiently
Race and justice
a critical focus on contemporary social institutions showing how they operate as instruments of class and racial oppression
race based achievements differences in education
racial and economic bias in the prosecution and punishment of offenders
social institutions are designed to favor the rich and powerful.
critique of critical criminology
critical criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog
most theft is for luxury, not survival
unfairly neglect the efforts of the capitalist system to regulate itself
refuse to address the problems that exist in socialist countries
argue that critical criminologists blame capitalism without adequate explanation or regard for other social and environmental factors.
alternate views
left realism
critical feminist theory
peacemaking theory
left realism
relative depravation equals discontent; discontent plus lack of political solution equals crime
crime is a function of economic inequality, community depravation, and a lack of supportive institutions
community based efforts hold the greatest promise of crime control
criticism of left realism
a socialist state lacking a police force is unrealistic, the criminal code does represent public opinion and should not be disregarded.
critical feminist theory
patriarchy and crime
link criminal behavior patterns to the gender. conflict created by the economic and social struggles common in post industrial society
exploitation and criminality
exploitation triggers the onset of female delinquency and deviant behavior.
critical feminist theory power-control theory
Hagen
crime and delinquency rates are a function of two factors; class positioin (power) and family functions (control)
encourages a new approach to the study of criminality, one that includes gender differences, class position, and family structure.
Peacemaking criminology
the main purpose of criminology is to promote a peaceful, just society
peacemaking draws its inspiration from religious and philosophical teachings
peacemakers view the efforts of the state to punish and control as crime encouraging rather than crime discouraging
advocate policies such as mediation and conflict resolution, rather than prison
critical theory and public policy
the concept of restorative justice
address victims' harm and needs, hold offenders accountable, and involve victims, offenders, and communities; at the core of the process is respect
critical theory and public policy
reintegrative shaming
shame-power tool of informal social control
stigmatization-an ongoing process of degradation in which the offender is branded as an evil person and cast out of society
reintegrative shaming-disapproval is extended to the offenders evil deeds, while at the same time they are cast as respected people who can be reaccepted by society.
critical theory and public policy
the process of restoration
redefines crime in terms of a conflict among the offender, the victim, and the affected constituents
the resolution takes place within the context in which the conflict originally occurred
restoration programs must be embraced by the community, schools, police, and courts
reconcilliation
critical theory and public policy
the challenge of restorative justice
the difficult task of balancing the needs of the offenders with those of their victims
benefits may only work in the short term.