what are the branches of the social process approach to explaining crime
social reaction, social control, social learning
social process theories believe that ___ have the potential to become delinquents or criminals
all people
parental efficacy is the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in ___ ways
non coercive
children who do poorly in school, lack education motivation, and feel ___ are the most likely to engage in criminal acts.
alienated
research shows that children who have lots of friends and a variety of peer group networks tend to be ___ delinquent than their less popular peers
less
recent research findings suggest that attending ___ does in fact have a significant negative impact on crime
religious services
which theory believes that criminal behavior is a product of obtaining the norms, values, and behaviors associated with criminal activity?
social learning
who is considered to be the preeminent US criminologist that developed differential association theory?
edwin sutherland
sutherland believed that acquiring criminal behavior is a ___ process
socialization process
which theory promotes that a person becomes criminal when he or she perceives more favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law
differential association theory
___ is the movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values
drift
by ___ the injury caused by their acts, criminals neutralize illegal behavior
denying
what theory maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity
social control
according to social control theory, all of the following are elements of the social bond except
awareness
___ argues that commitment to career and economic advancement reduces criminal involvement
Hirschi
Social reaction theory, also called ___ explains criminal careers in terms of destructive social interactions and stigma-producing encounters
labeling
___ refers to people to create rules as moral entrepreneurs
Howard Becker
___ programs remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process by placing them in rehabilitation programs
diversion
what is the term used to describe when an offender repays the victim or does useful work in the community
restitution
socialization is the process of human development and enculturation
TRUE
social process theory
criminality is a function of peoples interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society
social learning theory
people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers: crime is a learned behavior
social control theory
everyone has the potential to become a criminal
social reaction labeling theory
people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those latest as a personal identity
socialization
process of human development, reflects key social processes and institutions
parental efficacy
the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non coercive ways
differential association theory
people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring conventional behavior
culture conflict
exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral
neutralization theory
law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior
drift
movement in and out of delinquency
neutralization techniques
rationalizing deviant behavior, denying
commitment to conformity
personal investment in conventional institutions, they don't engage in behavior that will hurt their reputaiton
moral entrepreneur
person who creates moral rules
stigmatize
negative labeling that hurts their self image
successful degradation ceremony
someones identity is hurt and they are viewed as socially unacceptable
retrospective reading
reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized labed
primary deviance
a norm violation or crime that has little or no long term influence o the violator
secondary deviance
crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label
deviance amplification
pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling and criminal self identity
reflected appraisal
parents are alienated from their children, reduces self image and increases delinquency