the primary sources of crime data are
surveys and official records
the __ collects the most important crime record data from local law enforcement agencies and publishes them yearly in their uniform crime report
FBI
__ is a program that collects info about the incident, victim, and offender on each reported crime incident
NIBRS
to address the non reporting issue, the federal government sponsors the
NCVS
__ ask(s) people to describe, in detail, their recent and lifetime participation in criminal activity
self report surveys
__ uses multiple advanced computational methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data set usually involving one or more data sources
data mining
what time periods did crime not increase?
1880-1900
when did crime rates peak in the US
1991
which continent has the highest murder rates today?
south america
speculating about the future of crime trends is ___; some criminologists have tried to predict the future patterns
risky
criminologists look for __ crime rate patterns to gain insight into the nature of crime
stable
some of the most important factors dealing with the colony of crime are what?
day, season, climate, temp, and regional differences
the ___ is the view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men.
masculinity hypothesis
the liberal feminist theory suggests that
female crime rates are traditionally lower than males because of their second class economic and social position
the peak age for violent crime is
18
over the past decade the UCR arrest data shows that male arrest rates have declined and female arrests have
increased
which region of the country typically has the highest violent property crime rates
south
according to the ___ as the percentage of african americans in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacs
racial threat theory
what term is used to describe the phenomenon that people commit less crime as they mature?
aging out
__ theories of criminal behavior have failed to distinguish between chronic and occasional offenders
traditional
crime is more dangerous now in the US than any time in history
false
there are fewer school age children than there have been for decades, thus crime rates will continue to decrease in the future
true
elderly males 65 and over are predominantly arrested for alcohol related matters such as public drunkenness and drunk driving
true
most offenders are referred to as career criminals because they begin their criminal careers early and continue committing crimes well into their adulthood
false
arrest and incarceration have little effect on the offending behavior of chronic offenders, and most repeat their criminal acts after they are released from prison.
true
UCR
crime report compiled by the FBI that includes crimes committed in the US for that year
part 1 crimes
most serious offense, murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, arson, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.
murder and non negligent manslaughter
willful killing of one human being by another
forcible rape
penetration of any kind in the vagina or anus, or oral
robbery
taking of something of value without the intent of returning it
aggravated assault
attack by one person upon another with weapon
burglary
entry of a structure with the intent to commit a felony
larceny
taking carrying or leading of property from possession of another
motor vehicle theft
theft of a motor vehicle
arson
burning of house or dwelling
part 2 crimes
all other crimes, drug offenses, sex crimes, and vandalism
national incident based reporting system NIBRS
program that requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest with 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender info
sampling
selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group
population
all people that share particular characteristics
national crime victimization survey NCVS
survey that asks victims about their experiences with law enforcement
self report survey
people to reveal their own criminal history or their experience as victims
racial profiling
police initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race
instrumental crimes
offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal
expressive crimes
crimes to vent rage, anger, or frustration
early onset
repeat offenders begin their criminal careers at a very young age
three strikes policies
laws that require offenders to serve life in prison after they are convicted of a third felony offense
cohort research data
observing over time a group of people and watching their criminal activity
experimental data
controlled experiments to collect data on the cause of crime
observational and interview research
focused research on relatively few subjects in depth
meta-analysis and systematic review
gathering data from a number of previous studies
crime mapping
create graphical representations of the spatial graphical representations of the spatial geography of crime