Do crime and deviance refer to the same actions and behaviors?
No
T or F: What is deviant in one place or in one time period may not be deviant in another place or time period.
True
Who argued that deviance has benefits for society?
Emile Durkheim
Are crime statistics totally accurate?
No
What does it mean to commit a crime under duress?
You were forced to commit the crime
Who collects and examines evidence in actual crimes?
Criminalist
What does mens rea literally translate to?
guilty mind
What crime statistics does the FBI collect?
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
What food was used as a defense for murder in the 1980s?
Sugar
1 study of 1000 youths in PA found that high levels of what in the body was associated with higher crime rates?
lead
A GBMI decision means what?
Individual is mentally insane but still responsible for the crime(s)
Anomie
Normlessness
What theory suggests that the causes of crime are located in the social conditions of society that empower the wealthy and "disenfranchise" the poor and less fortunate?
Radical criminology
Who argued that society creates deviance and deviant individuals by responding in certain ways to behavior and actions?
Howard Becker
According to Stark, which area is most likely to have a high crime rate?
Dense, mixed-used neighborhoods
Merton's "strain theory" would have trouble explaining which crime?
Assault
What percent of arson fires are set by people under 18?
50%
About what % of home robberies does the victim know the offender?
40%
Crime
human actions that violate the formals laws of a country, state, area, etc...
Norms
Standards of behavior
Folkways
everyday customs or ways of doing things. Typically informal.
Mores
Norms that have an underlying and shared assumption of approval or disapproval
Not stealing from a friend is an example of which norm?
More
Laws
Formal norms that have been written down and have consequences for being disobeyed or broken
Actus reus and mens rea
Must both be present for someone to be found guilty of breaking the law
Actus reus
the actual act one is accused of. evidence must be able to support the accusation
Mens rea
guilty mind" criminal intent that someone had. the state/governing board has to prove that the person meant to commit the criminal act
Criminologist
studies crime and criminals
Criminalist
collects and examines evidence in actual crimes (CSI, finger print experts, and ballistics experts)
Criminal justice professionals
Some others who work in the criminal justice system
Criminology
the scientific study of crime. examines and focuses on understanding aspects of crime like why crime happens, how it's controlled, and how criminals are treated in society
Criminal Justice
focuses on the study of various component of the system including the courts and law enforcement, as well as how laws are applied
Justifying crime: Accident/Mistake
Generally not held responsible because they did not mean to commit the crime
Justifying crime: Self-Defense
Includes trying to protect yourself or others near you from harm. May be controversial because sometimes the act is deemed greater than the need for protections
Justifying crime: Ignorance
People may not realize they are committing a crime. (Ex: Asked to deliver a package and you didn't realize that you were delivering a package with an illegal substance in it).
Duress
Forced to commit a crime
Social control
restraints on people to keep them from breaking norms
Self-Defense
trying to protect yourself or others near you from harm
The Human Genome Project
mapped the 20,000+ genes in our DNA in 2003 & used it for research on possible biological reasons for committing crime.
DRD A1 allele
appears to help control dopamine in the brain and when it's defective it leads to drug and alcohol use and other activities to boost dopamine
Criminal anthropology
Study of crime and human physical attributes
Franz Joseph Gull
thought that a person's skull could predict their criminal tendencies and that our personalities could be learned by examining the skull. Called Phrenology
Phrenology
Also called craniology. Joseph Gull.
Suggested that by seeing or feeling a person's skull, we could see their personality and characteristics that were under or over developed.
Cesare Lombroso
introduced autopsies, postmortem studies of criminals. Argued that specific characteristics lead to specific crimes.
Body type theories
Constitutional theories and somatyping
Constitutional theory
explains crime as it is related to genetics (body types, physical attributes)
Somatyping
uses body types to explain crime. each body type has a different personality and characteristics
William H. Sheldon
used somatyping in his research with 200 boys aged 15 - 21 and came up with 4 body types
4 body types William H. Sheldon came up with
Endomorphs
Mesomorphs
Ectomorphs
Balanced Individuals
Endomorph
Soft and round, large digestive area. Typically overweight.
Mesomorph
Muscular and athletic; large bone structure or muscle mass
Ectomorphs
thing and frail
Balanced Individuals
Not overweight, to built, or underweight
Forensic/Criminal Psychology
The use of psychological research and practice to better understand crime, law and criminals. Focuses on the individual
Psychopathy
Mental disease. Crime blamed on mental disorder/disease
Psychosis
individual is out of touch with reality and may hallucinate or be delusional.
Hanes J. Eysenck
Said that crime was related to certain personality types and id'd 3 different types
3 personality types identified by Hanes J. Eysenck
psychoticism, extroverts, and neuroticism
id
base of our personality. drives, desires, urges
ego
the rational part; seeks to accomplish certain objectives. self-control and management
superego
moral guide. when not developed correctly, can lead to sudden, not thought-out actions and impacts the id
Gabriel Tarde
developed early theory of learned behavior. argued that people see behavior and imitate it, and then we replace our old behavior with the learned
Albert Bandura
argued that aggression is learned but we are all capable of violence
Modeling Theory
Albert Bandura. Says that we learn how to act by watching the actions of others.
Self-Control Theory
some people have lower levels of self-control making them more likely to commit crimes, especially impulsively
M'Naughten Rule
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