The classical school of criminology is based on the assumption that
individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
The positivist school of criminology posits that
human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.
Who wrote On Crimes and Punishment?
Cesare Beccaria
Who is known as the "father of modern criminology"?
Cesare Beccaria
Whose work was governed by utilitarian principles?
Jeremy Bentham
What provided the next generation of criminologists with the tools they needed to challenge classical criminology?
Darwin's Origin of Species
Physiognomy is the study of ___________ and their relation to human behavior.
facial features
____________ posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities.
Phrenology
Cesare Lombroso's The Criminal Man replaced the concept of free will with the concept of ____________.
determinism
Cesare Lombroso argued that the "born criminal" was distinguishable by
atavistic stigmata.
The theory of the born criminal by Cesare Lombroso defines atavistic stigmata as
changes in the brains that interfere with people's ability to distinguish between right and wrong.
The major challenge to Lombrosian theory came from the work of
Charles Goring
The somatotype school of criminology differentiated three principle types of physiques. Which of the following is not one of those types? the ascetic
the ascetic
William Sheldon brought the somatotype school to the United States. Which one of the following is not one of the three somatotypes Sheldon formulated?
andromorph
According to William Sheldon, which one of the somatotypes is most likely to be involved in illegal behavior?
mesomorph
After World War II, somatotyping fell into disfavor because
the approach seemed too close to eugenics.
The science of controlled reproduction to improve hereditary qualities is called
eugenics
Who is acknowledged as America's first forensic psychiatrist?
Isaac Ray
Who first described the concept of moral insanity?
Philippe Pinel
Among the first scholars to disclaim the free-will doctrine of the classical school of thought were
Adolphe Quetelet and Michel Guerry.
One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior was formulated by
Gabriel Tarde
Gabriel Tarde formulated his theory of criminal behavior in terms of _____, principles that governed the process by which people became criminals
laws of imitation
The most important of Emile Durkheim's numerous contributions to contemporary sociology is his concept of
anomie
Classical criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains
True
Cesare Beccaria's work was governed by utilitarian principles
False