Individuals suffering from poor __________ development are likely to seek immediate gratification without considering the long-term consequences of their choices.
.
superego
According to John Bowlby, __________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment.
secure
How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?
The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment.
According to moral development theory, when are people likely to turn to crime?
They cannot successfully transition between developmental stages of moral reasoning
__________ helps police investigators better understand people wanted for serious crimes.
Psychological profiling
Which of the following behaviors is not aggression directed at one's self?
They are all forms of self-directed aggression.
A ________ psychopath is born with a normal personality but develops psychopathic characteristics as a result of personal experiences early in life.
secondary
______ is a major criminogenic domain.
Criminal history
Taking away an offender's freedom by incarcerating him is an example of a
negative punishment.
Insanity is
a legal defense in the criminal courts.
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the
pleasure principle.
A possible psychogenic cause of antisocial personality disorder is
a separation from the mother during the first six months of life.
__________ examined social learning with an emphasis on conditioning.
Behaviorism
According to attachment theorists, what is the single most important factor leading to conformity?
The development of empathy
Attachment theory suggests that __________ attachment results in feelings of uncertainty which cause the child to feel anxious, to become fearful of its environment, and to cling to potential caregivers.
anxious resistant
Sigmund Freud suggested that aggressive behavior is a natural response to
frustration.
What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath?
Poverty of affect
The psychoanalytical concept of _______ holds that a person may seek to reject his or her own desires or impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from his or her own consciousness.
repression
__________ is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial.
Cognitive behavioral intervention
The __________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong.
M'Naughten rule
__________ theory involves the study of human perceptions and decision making.
Cognitive information-processing
What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior?
Early antisocial behavior
In most GBMI jurisdictions, which of the following is not required for the jury to return a finding of "guilty but mentally ill?
The defendant is found to have exhibited psychopathic tendencies prior to the crime.
When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
autoplastic
According to Dollard, _______ is violence directed against something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration.
displacement
According to Merton, an innovator
accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.
The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves
learned behavior.
Merton's strain theory stresses
the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them.
Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis?
A focus on serious crime
Some researchers suggest that __________ theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.
ecological
Social structure theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.
social disenfranchisement
Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions.
structure
The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone __________ as being in transition.
II
It appears that certain forms of violence are more acceptable in the __________ portion of the United States.
Southern
According to James Clark, the black subculture of violence was created by generations of __________ violence.
white-on-black
_______ was directly based on the work of Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory.
Mobilization for Youth
A juvenile who desires wealth but not entry into the middle class is the most crime-prone and is an example of Cloward and Ohlin's Type _______ youth.
III
A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really got hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing the __________ technique of neutralization.
denying injury
Walter Miller identified six key values or __________, which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture.
focal concerns
The average age for joining a gang today is approximately ______ years of age.
13
According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will
stay about the same.
Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?
Feelings of social isolation
One criticism of strain theory is that
participation in delinquency appears to shield delinquents from sources of despair
Which of the following is a critique of ecological theories?
They use the incidence of delinquency as both an example of and something caused by social disorganization.
Which of the following was not one of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project?
Increase job and educational opportunities for delinquents
Which of the following statements about gangs is not true?
Most gangs allow female members to assume leadership roles.
________ is the process in which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.
Reaction formation
Which of the following is not one of the major principles of sociological theories of crime causation?
It is possible to predict the specific behavior of an individual member of a given group.
According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture.
retreatist
According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?
A strain that is associated with high levels of self-control
According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is
learned.
According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is
the reactions of society.
Social development theories tend to combine various points of view, so they are frequently ______ theories.
integrated
Which of the following factors would probably not enhance your social capital?
Losing a job
An offender goes through a court-ordered rehabilitation program and does not recidivate. This is an example of
desistance.
Given the basic principles of differential association theory, which of the following situations is most likely to produce delinquency?
A juvenile's parents, with whom he is close, are drug abusers
Walter Reckless considers __________ containment to be far more effective in preventing crime.
inner
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is
self-control.
Social bond theory postulates that
crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken.
Elder's principle of __________ refers to the fact that the developmental impact of a succession of life transitions is contingent on when in a person's life they occur.
timing in lives
Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that _______ percent of cohort members accounted for over 50 percent of all arrests.
6
__________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
Social control
The idea that the behaviors of others are observed and modeled is the basis of which of Akers' primary learning mechanisms?
Imitation
According to social process theories, criminal behavior is
learned in interaction with others.
Rather than focusing on factors that cause criminal behavior, __________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.
social control
Social __________ theories assume everyone has the potential to violate the law.
process
The _________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.
secret
Social development theories have been criticized for _______ issues.
definitional
Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
It accounts only for the communication of criminal vales, not their emergence
Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should
work to build prosocial bonds.
Which of the following is not a major focus of social development theory-based policy?
Providing early childhood training and education to ensure the development of individual self-control
A college student who is expecting to graduate at the end of the semester considers shoplifting some textbooks from the bookstore, to save the cost of buying them. She decides against it because the possibility of being expelled from the university a few
commitment
Someone with a control ______ is controlled by others and is more likely to commit violent crimes.
deficit
According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the _________ pathway to delinquency.
authority conflict
Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of ________ shaming.
stigmatic