Criminology Chapter One Through Five

Edwin Sutherland

Science of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and the response to law breaking

Law

norm that is written

Civil Law/Tort

all law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. Prepoderance of evidence

Substantive Law

Written Code that defines crimes and punishments

procedural law

governs actors in the criminal justice system

common law

judge made law

statutory laws

derived from legislative acts

Criminal law

public offense, jail time or death, proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Mala in se

evil in themselves

mala prohibita

wrong because its prohibited

Actus Reas

physical act must be voluntary
criminal act

Mens Rea

criminal mind
general or specific intent

Consensus View

law results from societal agreement

Conflict view

law results from conflict over what behavior should be criminalized

Classical School

Becarria , Bentham
free will
deterrence theory

Positive school

outside of your control

parsimony

concepts

scope

what is included

Martinson Report

rehabilitation studies
nothing is working
abandoned rehab

Methods

uniform crime report
self report
victim survey

UCR

based on crimes reported to police
index and non index
crimes known

Part 1 Index crimes

Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

Part 2 non index crimes

all others

Self report

participants reveal information about their violation

NCVS

asks victims about encounters with criminals
cannot asses some crimes

James Q wilson

political scientist
classical school

Deterrence Theory

humans are rational thoughtful
general deterrence- everyone
specific-offender

Three parts to Deterrence theory

swift, severe, certain

Focused Deterrence

David Kennedy
operation Ceasefire
Threat + follow through

ISP

mean probation
no difference in deterrence between smaller case loads and larger case loads

Cognitive Content

What people think

Cognitive Structure

How people think

Cognitive Restructuring

Attempts to change the content of an individual's throught

Psychopath

Manipulative
superficial charm
above average intelligence

Anti Social Personality Disorder

18 and older
aggressive, manipulative, lack of remorse
History of child conduct disorder
Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode

Case Law

law that is created when judges interpret constitutional provisions, statues, or regulations created by administrative agencies

Distributive Justice

campaign theme of liberal democrats that increased economic opportunity is the best defense against crime

Grand Theories

sweeping theories that attempt to explain all types of criminal behavior

Recidivism

repeat offending

Panaceas

Cure alls

Deviant

anyone that violates social norms

norms

guidelines that determine whats important and what unimportant

First acknowledged set of laws

Code of hammurabi

Murder

the willful killing of one human being by another

rape

the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will

robbery

taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care custody or control of a person by force or threat of force

aggravated assault

unlawful attack by one person upon another

burglary

unlawful entry into a structure

larceny-theft

unlawful taking carrying leading etc of property from the possession of another (not taken by force)

arson

any willful or malicious burning

Brutalization effect

executions increase some forms of homicide

crime displacement

the idea that when crime is suppressed in one geographical area it may simply shift to a new location

CPTED

a policy implication of routine activities theory
the way an environment is designed can promote or prevent crime

criminal event

in rational choice theory decisions about how wen and where of a particular crime

criminal involvement

in rational choice theory decisions about whether to engage in crime in general as opposed to satisfying needs and wants with non criminal alternatives

Aversion Therapy

The use of classical conditioning to reverse an unwanted relationship between a stimulus (alcohol) and a response (pleasure)

just deserts

a justification for punishment that emphasizes the pain caused and thus earned by the criminal. punishment serves as a collective expression of society's disapproval for criminal acts.

marginal deterrence

the idea that incremental increases in the certainty or severity of punishment should produce decreases in criminal behavior

retribution

similar to just deserts
justification for punishment that suggests that criminals deserve punishment

Cornish and Clarke

rational choice theory

celerity

swiftness of punishments

Beccaria + Bentham

deterrence

Cohen + Felson

Routine Activites

Hindelang + Gottfredson

Lifestyle approach

routine activites

crime occurs because of the convergence of motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardian

Atavism

term used by Lombroso to describe people whom he believed were evolutionary throwbacks to a more primitive line of human beings

behavioral genetics

the scientific study of how genes and heredity affect particular behaviors

concordance rate

focus of twin studies
the outcome is concordant if both twins exhibit the same behavior

DNA

chemical codes for all living organisms

DZ twins

fraternal twins who share the same amount of genetic similarity as non twin siblings

eugenics

goal of improving human race through selective breeding

gene

specific sequences of bases within a dna molecule that works together to carry out a particular task

genome

the term used to describe an organisms complete set of dna

molecular genetics

study of expression of genes accomplished by identifying the dna sequences of chromosomes

monoamine oxidase

enzyme that breaks down neurotrasmitters

MZ twins

identical twins
1 sperm
1 egg

prefrontal cortex

part of the brain responsible for executive functions

serotonin

neurotransmitter that helps conduct electrical impulses in the brain

skin conductance

a method for measuring how an individuals fingers sweat

somatotype

classification of human body types into three categories

testosterone

male sex hormone

xyy

rare chromosome abnormality in which a male has an extra y chromosome

lombroso

born criminal

sheldon

somatotype thoery

patricia jacobs

xyy supermale

direct measures of the brain

measures brain structure and activity
suggests that there are differences in the frontal lobe of the brain

neurochemical measures

low levels of serotonin
increased aggression

autonomic nervous system

some criminals have lower hearth rates than non criminals

perinatal harms

maternal smoking and drinking and delivery complications are associated with juvenile and adult crimes

exposure to lead

toxic substance that produces biological damage

nutrition and diet

sugar intake relates to antisocial behavior

hormones

higher level of male testosterone have been linked to antisocial behavior

hans eysenck

personality based theory

terrie moffitt

life course persistent offending

evolutionary theory of rape

processes allow males who are pushy and aggressive in the pursuit of sex to pass on their genes successfully

cads and dads theory

cad- lots of sex hope some survive
dad- low number of children, raise them

personality based theory

caused by an interaction between neurological deficits and ineffective parenting

life course persistent

personality traits which are driven by underlying biology cause crime

Classical conditioning

By pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response is reproduced over time using only the conditioned stimulus

Cognitive Restructuring

A rehabilitation technique for which criminal-thinking errors are identified and contested

Cognitive Skills Programs

Rehabilitation programs that attempt to build thinking skills, such as moral reasoning, empathy, and anger management

Contingency Contract

A tool to promote parental use of operant conditioning. Parents and kids sign a contract that lays out expected behaviors.

Countertransference

A term from psychoanalysis; when the client "pushes the buttons" of the counselor so that the resulting anger and hostility interferes with treatment

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological ploys that individuals use to reduce or eliminate anxieties.

Delinquent ego

Application of Freudian principles to describe an ego that effectively blocks any potential restraint from the conscience and permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior.

Delinquent Superego

Freudian principles to describe a superego that is guided by a delinquent code of behavior rather than appropriate values

Ego

The conscious part of the Freudian personality; the "psychological thermostat" that regulated the savage wishes and demands of the id and the social restrictions of the superego

Five-Factor Model

A personality structure that includes five main personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Free association

A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient verbalizes - uncensored - anything that comes to mind

Id

The unconscious, instinctual aspect of the Freudian personality. Id wishes often include the immediate gratification of basic drives (sex)

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a noxious stimulus (bad smell) to increase a target behavior

Observational learning

Learning by observing and modeling the behavior of others

Operant conditioning

The use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior

Overdeveloped Superego

Freudian principles used to describe a superego that causes a person to seek out punishment

Personality

The sum pf personality traits that defines a person

Personality Trait

Characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances

Positive Reinforcement

The use of rewards to increase a target behavior

Punishment

The presentation of a noxious stimulus (spanking, scolding) to decrease a target behavior

Superego

The conscious of the Freudian personality - the keeper of prohibitions and wishes about what one wants to be.

Token economy

Application of operant conditioning to corrections.

Transference

A term of psychoanalysis to describe when the client uses the counselor as a "stand in" from the past.

Rationalization

Finding a satisfactory reason for doing something inappropriate.

Repression

Desires of thoughts are forced back into the unconscious mind and their existence is denied.

Reaction Formation

An individual hides one instinct through the use of an opposite impulse.

Projection

Attributing one's desires or wishes to someone else

Operant conditioning

Behavior ---> Reinforcement/punishment ---> future behavior

Stage 1 Moral Development

The right course of action is determined by blindly obeying those with power and authority

Stage 2 Moral Development

The right course of action is to further one's own interests.

Stage 3 Moral Development

Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other people's standard and to follow the Golden Rule

Stage 4 Moral Development

Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions

Stage 5 Moral Development

Moral decisions are made by weighing an individual's rights against legal principles and the common good

Stage 6 Moral Development

Moral decisions are based on universal principles such as the concern for human dignity, a respect for life, and a desire for justice.

Neuroticism

Emotional stability versus instability

Extraversion

Sociability

Openness to experience

Curiosity, interest in trying new things

Agreeableness

Antagonistic versus agreeable interpersonal strategy

Conscientiousness

Impulse control, ability to follow moral code, organizational ability

Psychodynamic Theory

Criminal behavior can be understood by examining early childhood experiences when personality is formed

Behaviorism

Criminal behavior is learned through classical, operant, or vicarious (observational) learning

Personality

Personality traits or a criminal personality are stable characteristics of individuals who cause crime

Intelligence

IQ Scores predict criminal behavior, but this effect is most likely indirect.

Edwin Sutherland

Science of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and the response to law breaking

Law

norm that is written

Civil Law/Tort

all law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. Prepoderance of evidence

Substantive Law

Written Code that defines crimes and punishments

procedural law

governs actors in the criminal justice system

common law

judge made law

statutory laws

derived from legislative acts

Criminal law

public offense, jail time or death, proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Mala in se

evil in themselves

mala prohibita

wrong because its prohibited

Actus Reas

physical act must be voluntary
criminal act

Mens Rea

criminal mind
general or specific intent

Consensus View

law results from societal agreement

Conflict view

law results from conflict over what behavior should be criminalized

Classical School

Becarria , Bentham
free will
deterrence theory

Positive school

outside of your control

parsimony

concepts

scope

what is included

Martinson Report

rehabilitation studies
nothing is working
abandoned rehab

Methods

uniform crime report
self report
victim survey

UCR

based on crimes reported to police
index and non index
crimes known

Part 1 Index crimes

Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

Part 2 non index crimes

all others

Self report

participants reveal information about their violation

NCVS

asks victims about encounters with criminals
cannot asses some crimes

James Q wilson

political scientist
classical school

Deterrence Theory

humans are rational thoughtful
general deterrence- everyone
specific-offender

Three parts to Deterrence theory

swift, severe, certain

Focused Deterrence

David Kennedy
operation Ceasefire
Threat + follow through

ISP

mean probation
no difference in deterrence between smaller case loads and larger case loads

Cognitive Content

What people think

Cognitive Structure

How people think

Cognitive Restructuring

Attempts to change the content of an individual's throught

Psychopath

Manipulative
superficial charm
above average intelligence

Anti Social Personality Disorder

18 and older
aggressive, manipulative, lack of remorse
History of child conduct disorder
Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode

Case Law

law that is created when judges interpret constitutional provisions, statues, or regulations created by administrative agencies

Distributive Justice

campaign theme of liberal democrats that increased economic opportunity is the best defense against crime

Grand Theories

sweeping theories that attempt to explain all types of criminal behavior

Recidivism

repeat offending

Panaceas

Cure alls

Deviant

anyone that violates social norms

norms

guidelines that determine whats important and what unimportant

First acknowledged set of laws

Code of hammurabi

Murder

the willful killing of one human being by another

rape

the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will

robbery

taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care custody or control of a person by force or threat of force

aggravated assault

unlawful attack by one person upon another

burglary

unlawful entry into a structure

larceny-theft

unlawful taking carrying leading etc of property from the possession of another (not taken by force)

arson

any willful or malicious burning

Brutalization effect

executions increase some forms of homicide

crime displacement

the idea that when crime is suppressed in one geographical area it may simply shift to a new location

CPTED

a policy implication of routine activities theory
the way an environment is designed can promote or prevent crime

criminal event

in rational choice theory decisions about how wen and where of a particular crime

criminal involvement

in rational choice theory decisions about whether to engage in crime in general as opposed to satisfying needs and wants with non criminal alternatives

Aversion Therapy

The use of classical conditioning to reverse an unwanted relationship between a stimulus (alcohol) and a response (pleasure)

just deserts

a justification for punishment that emphasizes the pain caused and thus earned by the criminal. punishment serves as a collective expression of society's disapproval for criminal acts.

marginal deterrence

the idea that incremental increases in the certainty or severity of punishment should produce decreases in criminal behavior

retribution

similar to just deserts
justification for punishment that suggests that criminals deserve punishment

Cornish and Clarke

rational choice theory

celerity

swiftness of punishments

Beccaria + Bentham

deterrence

Cohen + Felson

Routine Activites

Hindelang + Gottfredson

Lifestyle approach

routine activites

crime occurs because of the convergence of motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardian

Atavism

term used by Lombroso to describe people whom he believed were evolutionary throwbacks to a more primitive line of human beings

behavioral genetics

the scientific study of how genes and heredity affect particular behaviors

concordance rate

focus of twin studies
the outcome is concordant if both twins exhibit the same behavior

DNA

chemical codes for all living organisms

DZ twins

fraternal twins who share the same amount of genetic similarity as non twin siblings

eugenics

goal of improving human race through selective breeding

gene

specific sequences of bases within a dna molecule that works together to carry out a particular task

genome

the term used to describe an organisms complete set of dna

molecular genetics

study of expression of genes accomplished by identifying the dna sequences of chromosomes

monoamine oxidase

enzyme that breaks down neurotrasmitters

MZ twins

identical twins
1 sperm
1 egg

prefrontal cortex

part of the brain responsible for executive functions

serotonin

neurotransmitter that helps conduct electrical impulses in the brain

skin conductance

a method for measuring how an individuals fingers sweat

somatotype

classification of human body types into three categories

testosterone

male sex hormone

xyy

rare chromosome abnormality in which a male has an extra y chromosome

lombroso

born criminal

sheldon

somatotype thoery

patricia jacobs

xyy supermale

direct measures of the brain

measures brain structure and activity
suggests that there are differences in the frontal lobe of the brain

neurochemical measures

low levels of serotonin
increased aggression

autonomic nervous system

some criminals have lower hearth rates than non criminals

perinatal harms

maternal smoking and drinking and delivery complications are associated with juvenile and adult crimes

exposure to lead

toxic substance that produces biological damage

nutrition and diet

sugar intake relates to antisocial behavior

hormones

higher level of male testosterone have been linked to antisocial behavior

hans eysenck

personality based theory

terrie moffitt

life course persistent offending

evolutionary theory of rape

processes allow males who are pushy and aggressive in the pursuit of sex to pass on their genes successfully

cads and dads theory

cad- lots of sex hope some survive
dad- low number of children, raise them

personality based theory

caused by an interaction between neurological deficits and ineffective parenting

life course persistent

personality traits which are driven by underlying biology cause crime

Classical conditioning

By pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response is reproduced over time using only the conditioned stimulus

Cognitive Restructuring

A rehabilitation technique for which criminal-thinking errors are identified and contested

Cognitive Skills Programs

Rehabilitation programs that attempt to build thinking skills, such as moral reasoning, empathy, and anger management

Contingency Contract

A tool to promote parental use of operant conditioning. Parents and kids sign a contract that lays out expected behaviors.

Countertransference

A term from psychoanalysis; when the client "pushes the buttons" of the counselor so that the resulting anger and hostility interferes with treatment

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological ploys that individuals use to reduce or eliminate anxieties.

Delinquent ego

Application of Freudian principles to describe an ego that effectively blocks any potential restraint from the conscience and permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior.

Delinquent Superego

Freudian principles to describe a superego that is guided by a delinquent code of behavior rather than appropriate values

Ego

The conscious part of the Freudian personality; the "psychological thermostat" that regulated the savage wishes and demands of the id and the social restrictions of the superego

Five-Factor Model

A personality structure that includes five main personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Free association

A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient verbalizes - uncensored - anything that comes to mind

Id

The unconscious, instinctual aspect of the Freudian personality. Id wishes often include the immediate gratification of basic drives (sex)

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a noxious stimulus (bad smell) to increase a target behavior

Observational learning

Learning by observing and modeling the behavior of others

Operant conditioning

The use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior

Overdeveloped Superego

Freudian principles used to describe a superego that causes a person to seek out punishment

Personality

The sum pf personality traits that defines a person

Personality Trait

Characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances

Positive Reinforcement

The use of rewards to increase a target behavior

Punishment

The presentation of a noxious stimulus (spanking, scolding) to decrease a target behavior

Superego

The conscious of the Freudian personality - the keeper of prohibitions and wishes about what one wants to be.

Token economy

Application of operant conditioning to corrections.

Transference

A term of psychoanalysis to describe when the client uses the counselor as a "stand in" from the past.

Rationalization

Finding a satisfactory reason for doing something inappropriate.

Repression

Desires of thoughts are forced back into the unconscious mind and their existence is denied.

Reaction Formation

An individual hides one instinct through the use of an opposite impulse.

Projection

Attributing one's desires or wishes to someone else

Operant conditioning

Behavior ---> Reinforcement/punishment ---> future behavior

Stage 1 Moral Development

The right course of action is determined by blindly obeying those with power and authority

Stage 2 Moral Development

The right course of action is to further one's own interests.

Stage 3 Moral Development

Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other people's standard and to follow the Golden Rule

Stage 4 Moral Development

Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions

Stage 5 Moral Development

Moral decisions are made by weighing an individual's rights against legal principles and the common good

Stage 6 Moral Development

Moral decisions are based on universal principles such as the concern for human dignity, a respect for life, and a desire for justice.

Neuroticism

Emotional stability versus instability

Extraversion

Sociability

Openness to experience

Curiosity, interest in trying new things

Agreeableness

Antagonistic versus agreeable interpersonal strategy

Conscientiousness

Impulse control, ability to follow moral code, organizational ability

Psychodynamic Theory

Criminal behavior can be understood by examining early childhood experiences when personality is formed

Behaviorism

Criminal behavior is learned through classical, operant, or vicarious (observational) learning

Personality

Personality traits or a criminal personality are stable characteristics of individuals who cause crime

Intelligence

IQ Scores predict criminal behavior, but this effect is most likely indirect.