Edwin Sutherland
Science of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and the response to law breaking
Law
norm that is written
Civil Law/Tort
all law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. Prepoderance of evidence
Substantive Law
Written Code that defines crimes and punishments
procedural law
governs actors in the criminal justice system
common law
judge made law
statutory laws
derived from legislative acts
Criminal law
public offense, jail time or death, proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Mala in se
evil in themselves
mala prohibita
wrong because its prohibited
Actus Reas
physical act must be voluntary
criminal act
Mens Rea
criminal mind
general or specific intent
Consensus View
law results from societal agreement
Conflict view
law results from conflict over what behavior should be criminalized
Classical School
Becarria , Bentham
free will
deterrence theory
Positive school
outside of your control
parsimony
concepts
scope
what is included
Martinson Report
rehabilitation studies
nothing is working
abandoned rehab
Methods
uniform crime report
self report
victim survey
UCR
based on crimes reported to police
index and non index
crimes known
Part 1 Index crimes
Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
Part 2 non index crimes
all others
Self report
participants reveal information about their violation
NCVS
asks victims about encounters with criminals
cannot asses some crimes
James Q wilson
political scientist
classical school
Deterrence Theory
humans are rational thoughtful
general deterrence- everyone
specific-offender
Three parts to Deterrence theory
swift, severe, certain
Focused Deterrence
David Kennedy
operation Ceasefire
Threat + follow through
ISP
mean probation
no difference in deterrence between smaller case loads and larger case loads
Cognitive Content
What people think
Cognitive Structure
How people think
Cognitive Restructuring
Attempts to change the content of an individual's throught
Psychopath
Manipulative
superficial charm
above average intelligence
Anti Social Personality Disorder
18 and older
aggressive, manipulative, lack of remorse
History of child conduct disorder
Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode
Case Law
law that is created when judges interpret constitutional provisions, statues, or regulations created by administrative agencies
Distributive Justice
campaign theme of liberal democrats that increased economic opportunity is the best defense against crime
Grand Theories
sweeping theories that attempt to explain all types of criminal behavior
Recidivism
repeat offending
Panaceas
Cure alls
Deviant
anyone that violates social norms
norms
guidelines that determine whats important and what unimportant
First acknowledged set of laws
Code of hammurabi
Murder
the willful killing of one human being by another
rape
the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
robbery
taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care custody or control of a person by force or threat of force
aggravated assault
unlawful attack by one person upon another
burglary
unlawful entry into a structure
larceny-theft
unlawful taking carrying leading etc of property from the possession of another (not taken by force)
arson
any willful or malicious burning
Brutalization effect
executions increase some forms of homicide
crime displacement
the idea that when crime is suppressed in one geographical area it may simply shift to a new location
CPTED
a policy implication of routine activities theory
the way an environment is designed can promote or prevent crime
criminal event
in rational choice theory decisions about how wen and where of a particular crime
criminal involvement
in rational choice theory decisions about whether to engage in crime in general as opposed to satisfying needs and wants with non criminal alternatives
Aversion Therapy
The use of classical conditioning to reverse an unwanted relationship between a stimulus (alcohol) and a response (pleasure)
just deserts
a justification for punishment that emphasizes the pain caused and thus earned by the criminal. punishment serves as a collective expression of society's disapproval for criminal acts.
marginal deterrence
the idea that incremental increases in the certainty or severity of punishment should produce decreases in criminal behavior
retribution
similar to just deserts
justification for punishment that suggests that criminals deserve punishment
Cornish and Clarke
rational choice theory
celerity
swiftness of punishments
Beccaria + Bentham
deterrence
Cohen + Felson
Routine Activites
Hindelang + Gottfredson
Lifestyle approach
routine activites
crime occurs because of the convergence of motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardian
Atavism
term used by Lombroso to describe people whom he believed were evolutionary throwbacks to a more primitive line of human beings
behavioral genetics
the scientific study of how genes and heredity affect particular behaviors
concordance rate
focus of twin studies
the outcome is concordant if both twins exhibit the same behavior
DNA
chemical codes for all living organisms
DZ twins
fraternal twins who share the same amount of genetic similarity as non twin siblings
eugenics
goal of improving human race through selective breeding
gene
specific sequences of bases within a dna molecule that works together to carry out a particular task
genome
the term used to describe an organisms complete set of dna
molecular genetics
study of expression of genes accomplished by identifying the dna sequences of chromosomes
monoamine oxidase
enzyme that breaks down neurotrasmitters
MZ twins
identical twins
1 sperm
1 egg
prefrontal cortex
part of the brain responsible for executive functions
serotonin
neurotransmitter that helps conduct electrical impulses in the brain
skin conductance
a method for measuring how an individuals fingers sweat
somatotype
classification of human body types into three categories
testosterone
male sex hormone
xyy
rare chromosome abnormality in which a male has an extra y chromosome
lombroso
born criminal
sheldon
somatotype thoery
patricia jacobs
xyy supermale
direct measures of the brain
measures brain structure and activity
suggests that there are differences in the frontal lobe of the brain
neurochemical measures
low levels of serotonin
increased aggression
autonomic nervous system
some criminals have lower hearth rates than non criminals
perinatal harms
maternal smoking and drinking and delivery complications are associated with juvenile and adult crimes
exposure to lead
toxic substance that produces biological damage
nutrition and diet
sugar intake relates to antisocial behavior
hormones
higher level of male testosterone have been linked to antisocial behavior
hans eysenck
personality based theory
terrie moffitt
life course persistent offending
evolutionary theory of rape
processes allow males who are pushy and aggressive in the pursuit of sex to pass on their genes successfully
cads and dads theory
cad- lots of sex hope some survive
dad- low number of children, raise them
personality based theory
caused by an interaction between neurological deficits and ineffective parenting
life course persistent
personality traits which are driven by underlying biology cause crime
Classical conditioning
By pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response is reproduced over time using only the conditioned stimulus
Cognitive Restructuring
A rehabilitation technique for which criminal-thinking errors are identified and contested
Cognitive Skills Programs
Rehabilitation programs that attempt to build thinking skills, such as moral reasoning, empathy, and anger management
Contingency Contract
A tool to promote parental use of operant conditioning. Parents and kids sign a contract that lays out expected behaviors.
Countertransference
A term from psychoanalysis; when the client "pushes the buttons" of the counselor so that the resulting anger and hostility interferes with treatment
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological ploys that individuals use to reduce or eliminate anxieties.
Delinquent ego
Application of Freudian principles to describe an ego that effectively blocks any potential restraint from the conscience and permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior.
Delinquent Superego
Freudian principles to describe a superego that is guided by a delinquent code of behavior rather than appropriate values
Ego
The conscious part of the Freudian personality; the "psychological thermostat" that regulated the savage wishes and demands of the id and the social restrictions of the superego
Five-Factor Model
A personality structure that includes five main personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Free association
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient verbalizes - uncensored - anything that comes to mind
Id
The unconscious, instinctual aspect of the Freudian personality. Id wishes often include the immediate gratification of basic drives (sex)
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of a noxious stimulus (bad smell) to increase a target behavior
Observational learning
Learning by observing and modeling the behavior of others
Operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior
Overdeveloped Superego
Freudian principles used to describe a superego that causes a person to seek out punishment
Personality
The sum pf personality traits that defines a person
Personality Trait
Characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances
Positive Reinforcement
The use of rewards to increase a target behavior
Punishment
The presentation of a noxious stimulus (spanking, scolding) to decrease a target behavior
Superego
The conscious of the Freudian personality - the keeper of prohibitions and wishes about what one wants to be.
Token economy
Application of operant conditioning to corrections.
Transference
A term of psychoanalysis to describe when the client uses the counselor as a "stand in" from the past.
Rationalization
Finding a satisfactory reason for doing something inappropriate.
Repression
Desires of thoughts are forced back into the unconscious mind and their existence is denied.
Reaction Formation
An individual hides one instinct through the use of an opposite impulse.
Projection
Attributing one's desires or wishes to someone else
Operant conditioning
Behavior ---> Reinforcement/punishment ---> future behavior
Stage 1 Moral Development
The right course of action is determined by blindly obeying those with power and authority
Stage 2 Moral Development
The right course of action is to further one's own interests.
Stage 3 Moral Development
Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other people's standard and to follow the Golden Rule
Stage 4 Moral Development
Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions
Stage 5 Moral Development
Moral decisions are made by weighing an individual's rights against legal principles and the common good
Stage 6 Moral Development
Moral decisions are based on universal principles such as the concern for human dignity, a respect for life, and a desire for justice.
Neuroticism
Emotional stability versus instability
Extraversion
Sociability
Openness to experience
Curiosity, interest in trying new things
Agreeableness
Antagonistic versus agreeable interpersonal strategy
Conscientiousness
Impulse control, ability to follow moral code, organizational ability
Psychodynamic Theory
Criminal behavior can be understood by examining early childhood experiences when personality is formed
Behaviorism
Criminal behavior is learned through classical, operant, or vicarious (observational) learning
Personality
Personality traits or a criminal personality are stable characteristics of individuals who cause crime
Intelligence
IQ Scores predict criminal behavior, but this effect is most likely indirect.
Edwin Sutherland
Science of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and the response to law breaking
Law
norm that is written
Civil Law/Tort
all law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. Prepoderance of evidence
Substantive Law
Written Code that defines crimes and punishments
procedural law
governs actors in the criminal justice system
common law
judge made law
statutory laws
derived from legislative acts
Criminal law
public offense, jail time or death, proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Mala in se
evil in themselves
mala prohibita
wrong because its prohibited
Actus Reas
physical act must be voluntary
criminal act
Mens Rea
criminal mind
general or specific intent
Consensus View
law results from societal agreement
Conflict view
law results from conflict over what behavior should be criminalized
Classical School
Becarria , Bentham
free will
deterrence theory
Positive school
outside of your control
parsimony
concepts
scope
what is included
Martinson Report
rehabilitation studies
nothing is working
abandoned rehab
Methods
uniform crime report
self report
victim survey
UCR
based on crimes reported to police
index and non index
crimes known
Part 1 Index crimes
Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
Part 2 non index crimes
all others
Self report
participants reveal information about their violation
NCVS
asks victims about encounters with criminals
cannot asses some crimes
James Q wilson
political scientist
classical school
Deterrence Theory
humans are rational thoughtful
general deterrence- everyone
specific-offender
Three parts to Deterrence theory
swift, severe, certain
Focused Deterrence
David Kennedy
operation Ceasefire
Threat + follow through
ISP
mean probation
no difference in deterrence between smaller case loads and larger case loads
Cognitive Content
What people think
Cognitive Structure
How people think
Cognitive Restructuring
Attempts to change the content of an individual's throught
Psychopath
Manipulative
superficial charm
above average intelligence
Anti Social Personality Disorder
18 and older
aggressive, manipulative, lack of remorse
History of child conduct disorder
Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode
Case Law
law that is created when judges interpret constitutional provisions, statues, or regulations created by administrative agencies
Distributive Justice
campaign theme of liberal democrats that increased economic opportunity is the best defense against crime
Grand Theories
sweeping theories that attempt to explain all types of criminal behavior
Recidivism
repeat offending
Panaceas
Cure alls
Deviant
anyone that violates social norms
norms
guidelines that determine whats important and what unimportant
First acknowledged set of laws
Code of hammurabi
Murder
the willful killing of one human being by another
rape
the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
robbery
taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care custody or control of a person by force or threat of force
aggravated assault
unlawful attack by one person upon another
burglary
unlawful entry into a structure
larceny-theft
unlawful taking carrying leading etc of property from the possession of another (not taken by force)
arson
any willful or malicious burning
Brutalization effect
executions increase some forms of homicide
crime displacement
the idea that when crime is suppressed in one geographical area it may simply shift to a new location
CPTED
a policy implication of routine activities theory
the way an environment is designed can promote or prevent crime
criminal event
in rational choice theory decisions about how wen and where of a particular crime
criminal involvement
in rational choice theory decisions about whether to engage in crime in general as opposed to satisfying needs and wants with non criminal alternatives
Aversion Therapy
The use of classical conditioning to reverse an unwanted relationship between a stimulus (alcohol) and a response (pleasure)
just deserts
a justification for punishment that emphasizes the pain caused and thus earned by the criminal. punishment serves as a collective expression of society's disapproval for criminal acts.
marginal deterrence
the idea that incremental increases in the certainty or severity of punishment should produce decreases in criminal behavior
retribution
similar to just deserts
justification for punishment that suggests that criminals deserve punishment
Cornish and Clarke
rational choice theory
celerity
swiftness of punishments
Beccaria + Bentham
deterrence
Cohen + Felson
Routine Activites
Hindelang + Gottfredson
Lifestyle approach
routine activites
crime occurs because of the convergence of motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardian
Atavism
term used by Lombroso to describe people whom he believed were evolutionary throwbacks to a more primitive line of human beings
behavioral genetics
the scientific study of how genes and heredity affect particular behaviors
concordance rate
focus of twin studies
the outcome is concordant if both twins exhibit the same behavior
DNA
chemical codes for all living organisms
DZ twins
fraternal twins who share the same amount of genetic similarity as non twin siblings
eugenics
goal of improving human race through selective breeding
gene
specific sequences of bases within a dna molecule that works together to carry out a particular task
genome
the term used to describe an organisms complete set of dna
molecular genetics
study of expression of genes accomplished by identifying the dna sequences of chromosomes
monoamine oxidase
enzyme that breaks down neurotrasmitters
MZ twins
identical twins
1 sperm
1 egg
prefrontal cortex
part of the brain responsible for executive functions
serotonin
neurotransmitter that helps conduct electrical impulses in the brain
skin conductance
a method for measuring how an individuals fingers sweat
somatotype
classification of human body types into three categories
testosterone
male sex hormone
xyy
rare chromosome abnormality in which a male has an extra y chromosome
lombroso
born criminal
sheldon
somatotype thoery
patricia jacobs
xyy supermale
direct measures of the brain
measures brain structure and activity
suggests that there are differences in the frontal lobe of the brain
neurochemical measures
low levels of serotonin
increased aggression
autonomic nervous system
some criminals have lower hearth rates than non criminals
perinatal harms
maternal smoking and drinking and delivery complications are associated with juvenile and adult crimes
exposure to lead
toxic substance that produces biological damage
nutrition and diet
sugar intake relates to antisocial behavior
hormones
higher level of male testosterone have been linked to antisocial behavior
hans eysenck
personality based theory
terrie moffitt
life course persistent offending
evolutionary theory of rape
processes allow males who are pushy and aggressive in the pursuit of sex to pass on their genes successfully
cads and dads theory
cad- lots of sex hope some survive
dad- low number of children, raise them
personality based theory
caused by an interaction between neurological deficits and ineffective parenting
life course persistent
personality traits which are driven by underlying biology cause crime
Classical conditioning
By pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response is reproduced over time using only the conditioned stimulus
Cognitive Restructuring
A rehabilitation technique for which criminal-thinking errors are identified and contested
Cognitive Skills Programs
Rehabilitation programs that attempt to build thinking skills, such as moral reasoning, empathy, and anger management
Contingency Contract
A tool to promote parental use of operant conditioning. Parents and kids sign a contract that lays out expected behaviors.
Countertransference
A term from psychoanalysis; when the client "pushes the buttons" of the counselor so that the resulting anger and hostility interferes with treatment
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological ploys that individuals use to reduce or eliminate anxieties.
Delinquent ego
Application of Freudian principles to describe an ego that effectively blocks any potential restraint from the conscience and permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior.
Delinquent Superego
Freudian principles to describe a superego that is guided by a delinquent code of behavior rather than appropriate values
Ego
The conscious part of the Freudian personality; the "psychological thermostat" that regulated the savage wishes and demands of the id and the social restrictions of the superego
Five-Factor Model
A personality structure that includes five main personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Free association
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient verbalizes - uncensored - anything that comes to mind
Id
The unconscious, instinctual aspect of the Freudian personality. Id wishes often include the immediate gratification of basic drives (sex)
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of a noxious stimulus (bad smell) to increase a target behavior
Observational learning
Learning by observing and modeling the behavior of others
Operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior
Overdeveloped Superego
Freudian principles used to describe a superego that causes a person to seek out punishment
Personality
The sum pf personality traits that defines a person
Personality Trait
Characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances
Positive Reinforcement
The use of rewards to increase a target behavior
Punishment
The presentation of a noxious stimulus (spanking, scolding) to decrease a target behavior
Superego
The conscious of the Freudian personality - the keeper of prohibitions and wishes about what one wants to be.
Token economy
Application of operant conditioning to corrections.
Transference
A term of psychoanalysis to describe when the client uses the counselor as a "stand in" from the past.
Rationalization
Finding a satisfactory reason for doing something inappropriate.
Repression
Desires of thoughts are forced back into the unconscious mind and their existence is denied.
Reaction Formation
An individual hides one instinct through the use of an opposite impulse.
Projection
Attributing one's desires or wishes to someone else
Operant conditioning
Behavior ---> Reinforcement/punishment ---> future behavior
Stage 1 Moral Development
The right course of action is determined by blindly obeying those with power and authority
Stage 2 Moral Development
The right course of action is to further one's own interests.
Stage 3 Moral Development
Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other people's standard and to follow the Golden Rule
Stage 4 Moral Development
Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions
Stage 5 Moral Development
Moral decisions are made by weighing an individual's rights against legal principles and the common good
Stage 6 Moral Development
Moral decisions are based on universal principles such as the concern for human dignity, a respect for life, and a desire for justice.
Neuroticism
Emotional stability versus instability
Extraversion
Sociability
Openness to experience
Curiosity, interest in trying new things
Agreeableness
Antagonistic versus agreeable interpersonal strategy
Conscientiousness
Impulse control, ability to follow moral code, organizational ability
Psychodynamic Theory
Criminal behavior can be understood by examining early childhood experiences when personality is formed
Behaviorism
Criminal behavior is learned through classical, operant, or vicarious (observational) learning
Personality
Personality traits or a criminal personality are stable characteristics of individuals who cause crime
Intelligence
IQ Scores predict criminal behavior, but this effect is most likely indirect.