England
This is where the style of policing came from and began under Robert Peele
Robert Peel
known as "The Father of Modern Policing"- 1829
- Started the Metropolitan Police Department
- Parliament shot down started a police department because they did not want to loose personal freedoms ,
-He was a British policeman who established the London po
Bobbies
British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force. They do not carry a gun.
London Metropolitan Police Act
-Established in England under Parliament
-Created as 24-hour, uniformed patrol force
-Paramilitary command structure
-Careful selection of personnel
-Commissioners Rowan and Mayne selected to oversee police
Robert Peel's Principles for Policing
1. The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines
2. The police must be under government control
3. The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of police
4. The distribution of crime news is essential
5. The deployment of
Guiding Order during time of Robert Peel under England Rule
POLICE ARE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ARE THE POLICE
England drew their authority from "Central authority of the crown
Guiding Order during time of Robert Peel in the United States
Police answered to the local ward Politicans - corruption was huge in this time which lead for a need of reform--- This Lead to the Political Era of Policing
Era of Policing: #1 Political Era
Issues- Police were answering to corrupt local ward politicans
Corruption was the Major Issue during this time period
1919- Boston Police went on strike- it's against the law currently for the police or fire department to strike
Time Frame: 1840-1920
Styl
Era of Policing: #2 Reform Era
Time Frame: 1920- 1980
Why this reform was started? Get Politics out of Policing
A need to end corruption - no Politics
Civil Service begins- rules set in place for hiring, firing & promotion - began a competence test
CRIME FIGHTER - Dragnet & Joe Friday
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 1
Time Frame: 1980- PRESENT
What lead to this need for reform?
1. Detached from community
2. Ineffectiveness of routine patrol
3. Lack of support from both sides
4. Mentality of us aganist them
5. Paramilitary organizations rules & regulations stiffled crea
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 2 Tactical Elements
1. Enforcement of the Law
2. Proactive Crime Prevention
- acting before the problem occurs
- building competent communities
a. self policing through informal social controls
b. use of aggressive law enforcement
c. code enforcement
d. residents take pride
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 3 External Elements
1. Public Involvement
- can't be a closed enviroment
- surveys & rate city services
2. Customize Police Service
- Figure out the priority in the area
3. Government Involvement
- use of other resources; help beat officer solve & deal with problems
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 4 New Breed of Police Officers
1. College educated
(problem solve) (makes more tolerant of diverse groups)
2. More Professional
3. Demand to be involved in decision making - want options- want to use alot more decretion
4. Less supervision
5. Want advancement opportunities
6. Very goal
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 5 Problems or Issues
1. Vague Terminology
- What is the definition of community policing- no one knows
- Assumption of the definition & difficult to agree on
2. Constitutional Issues
- due process vs. crime control (Bill of Rights for Individuals)
- Community policing concent
Consensus Viewpoint
theorists who adopt this viewpoint emphasize the degree to which people agree about what is right and what is wrong; they explain that widely held beliefs or community standards guide the way in which everybody behaves
Conflict Perspective
Belief that a small minority of powerful persons manipulate the legal system in order to preserve their advantage
the idea that society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members- they make social interactions routine & predictable
Folkways
Norms that lack moral significance, not strictly enforced
behavorial expectations that deal with minor norms
Example: Etiquette rules
Mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance- normative standards that evoke strong reactions if violated
Example: Cannibalism
Common Value System
a normative structure where there would be consensus about what actions constitute conformity and what people consider to be deviant behavior
Deviant Behavior
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members
Informal Social Control
The form of control based on the approval or disapproval of those around us whose view of us we regard as important. For e.g. Family, Friends & Peer Group. It is how we are persuaded to conform most of the time through being taught and reminded about what
Formal Social Control
Law & Criminal Justice System:A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness- primary relationship
Gesellschaft
A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values- secondary relationships - modern society with all its hustle & bustle
Anomie
lack of moral standards in a society
Sociological
Current Era of Community Policing
Policing seeks positive, meaningful relationships between the police and public though collaboration and engagement
Broken Windows Theory
Wilson and Kelling's theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area. Thus, by cracking down on quality-of-life crimes, police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work
Zero-Tolerance Policing
an order maintenance approach that utilizes high police visibility and presence and that focuses on disorder and minor infractions with the goal of reducing more serious criminal activity, a policing style that is rooted in the broken windows hypothesis a
American Police System Facts
- US is not based on centralized or nationalized police force
- Did not want too powerful & wanted to protect rights of individuals
- Best characterized as being the combination of a series of fragmented and decentralized agencies
Law Enforcement: #1 Municipal Officers
Local Level
Responsible for law enforcement activity inside the city. Their formal arrest power and authority, except in extreme situations ends at the city line
Law Enforcement: #2 Sheriff
Local Level
Retain's law enforcement authority throughout and over the entire county. They also usually maintain the local jail and provide security to the courts.
Law Enforcement: #3 Highway Patrol
State Level
Responsible for highway traffic for major arties
Law Enforcement: #4 State Police Force
State Level
Scaled down- verson of the FBI
more specialized agencies: Lottery, Insurance and other regulatory divisions at this level
Law Enforcement: #5 Special Police Departments
Federal Level / Local Level
Serve a very narrow population
Colleges & Universities can have their own police departments
Harbor and sea ports, airports and other transit systems sometimes operate their own units too
Law Enforcement: #6 Indian Reservations
Have their own tribal law enforcement units and local law enforcement authorities may be forbidden to enter their territory
Sworn Police Employee
Is a person who has the power to arrest and the authority to carry a firearm. Not all sworn in employees actually carry a firearm during the course of their duty. For example: Correctional Officers
Non-Sworn Police Employee
Is a civilian whose job is located within law enforcement agency.
For example: dispatchers, computer analyst, crime scene technicians, victim advocates- the underlining difference is that one does not need to be sworn in to work in these positions
Federal Law vs. State Law Enforcement
Federal Agencies enjoy a broad jurisdiction across the entire nation, and fills important interstate gap as a cordinator- border crossings, importing goods, refugees, international threats
State Agencies stop at state borders; some state problems constitu
Law Enforcement: #7 Federal Officers
- 105,000 non-military officers scattered throughtout 65 different agencies- the bulk of the sworn in personnel - which consists of almost 3 out of every 4 are housed in the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice
Most federal office
Department of Homeland Security: Background- Federal Agency
A cabinet division created in 2001 after 9/11 to combat terrorism and foreign immigration. Soon after its creation, The department was quickly created soon after this (it was a Cabinet office beforehand) and began to institute several regulations in trave
Department of Homeland Security: Strategic Goals
* Identify and understand threats, assess vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and disseminate timely information to our homeland security partners and the American public
* Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our homeland
* Safeguard our people
Department of Justice - Federal Agency
KNOWN AS DOJ
(DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE)
- FBI- retains jurisdiction over all federal crimes that do not fall under specific agency's purview
example: kidnapping, bank violations, interstate transportation, civil rights violations, organized crime, assaults a
National Crime Information Center
operated by the FBI through which millions of records relating to stolen property and missing persons and fugitives are instantaneously available to local, state, and federal authorities across the United States and Canada
Entrance criteria for the FBI
- Us citizen or a citizen of the Nothern Mariana Islands, at least 23 years of age but younger than 37 upon your appointment as a Special Agent- 4 year college or universitiy recognized by the US Secretary of Education (law, accounting or engineering degr
Department of Treasury - Federal Agency
- Secret Service- one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the country- handle not only protection of the President, VP, diplomants but also financial crimes, computer fraud, and protecting the currency system
- IRS (Internal Revenue Service- collect
Other Federal Agencies
Sworn Personal work in the US Mint, Department of Veteran Affairs, the Department of Defense, The Department of Energy, Role of the Inspector General, Office of the Treasury, Department of Health and Human Services
State Level Agency
Two important organizations charged with the protection of residents emerge at the state level
1. The State Police-
smaller version of the FBI- comperized arrest histories and forensic crime labs avaiable to local levels- 49 states emplo 56,000 sworn full
Local Level Agency
Local law enforcement personnel are employed by either a municipal police department or a county sheriff's office. Both are responsible for maintaining law and order within their geographical areas.
- Highest ranking constitutional officer in the county i
Authorized Strength
the maximum number of sworn personnel the agency budget allows and is usually fixed at some standard ratio of officers or deputies per 1,000 population
Patrol Functions of the Police
1. Visible
2. Maintain & restore order
3. Respond to calls for service
4. Identify & arrest- cite violations
5. Investigate accidents
6. Facilitate movement of traffic
7. Highly specialists- generalists
8. Reduce fear of crime
9. Problem solve
10. 15% of
Most important Era of time?
Reform Era
- random patrols
- response times
- Built the "Crime Fighter
Kansas City Experiment
A study from 1973-
Does random patrol actually work?
Used scientific method by dividing parts of city into 3 areas- Reactive/ Normal Patrol/ Heavy Patrol
Random undirected patrol is not effective
People did not care during non emergency response times
Mos
Patrol
Critical funcation of Police Agency
Is Fear of crime a concern for the Police?
Yes
President's Commission of Law Enforcement
Formed by President Johnson -
during the 1960's
Recommended each officer should have a degree- thought process- someone who could critical think and deal with issues in the country
Poly Graphs
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes.)
Time Periods: 1960's
Issues: Drugs, Civil Rights, Vietnam, Protests
lead to the call for a different type of policing
Under President Johnson- established President's commission of law enforcement
LEAP: Law enforcement assistance program 1970's-1980's: Police could go to scho
Time Periods: 1980's
Issues: Drugs & Crime
Under President Regan led "War on Drugs"
this had never happened before - it became a federal crime to "car jack"
conservative time period - Miranda requirements changed to public safety exceptions and emergency exceptions - allowed
Time Periods: 1990's
Issues: Rodney King Incident
4 cops put on trial (State) - jury acquitted- Riots happened and almost burned LA down to the ground - then sent back to court under civil rights violations (Federal) - convicted of civil rights - Police Chief was forced out-