Research has shown that a significant number of people involved in violent episodes may be suffering from severe ______ abnormalities.
mental
Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are referred to as ___________ violence.
instrumental
A person's wanton disregard for the victim's life and his or her desire to inflict serious bodily harm on the victim, which results in the victim's death, is considered _______________.
2nd degree murder
How many states have revised their rape statutes to make them gender neutral?
47
Studies conducted in the United States and Europe show that drug addicts each commit __________ crimes each year.
hundreds
________ is the most serious of all common law crimes, and is the only one in the United States that can still be punished by death.
murder
What type of rape refers to uncoerced sexual relations between an underage minor and an adult?
Statutory rape
When a killing results after a robbery attempt gone bad, this is known as ___________ murder.
felony
______ killings involve violence against women and girls, including such acts as beating, battering, or killing, by a family member or relative.
honor
The most recent data indicate that there are approximately _________ victims of stalking each year.
3M
Which of the following is what Freud called the life instinct which drives people toward self fulfillment and enjoyment?
eros
Feticide is defined as:
Intentional or negligent killing of a human fetus
A pattern of traits and behaviors indicating infatuation and fixation with oneself to the exclusion of all others, along with the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's own gratification, dominance, and ambition, is known as:
Narcissistic personality disorder
Perpetrators of _________________ hate crimes rationalize their behavior as a defensive stand taken against outsiders whom they believe threaten their community or way of life.
reactive
While murder is often considered to be an intentional act, a person can also be held criminally liable for the death of another even if they did not intend to injure another person but they exhibited _______ indifference to the danger their actions might
deliberate
Sigmund Freud believed that human aggression and violence are produced by instinctual ________.
drives
Many women find that their claim of ______________ is greeted with some skepticism by police and court personnel.
Sexual assault
In what percentage of reported rape cases do police make an arrest?
40%
Shield laws protect women from being questioned about their _____________ unless such questioning bears on the current rape case.
Sexual history
Robberies seem to peak during the __________ months.
winter
Hate crime laws originated after the ____________ and were designed to safeguard the rights of freed slaves.
Civil War
________ states have the highest robbery rates.
northeastern
Acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are considered
Expressive violence
___________ is the term used to describe the murder of an older child.
filicide
Differentiate among the various causes of violent crime.
Research has shown that a significant number of people involved in violent episodes may be suffering from severe mental abnormalities. Absent or deviant parents, inconsistent discipline, physical abuse, and lack of supervision have all been linked to persistent violent offending. A number of criminologists have speculated that instinctual violence-promoting traits may be common in the human species. Kids who are constantly exposed to violence at home, at school, or in the environment may adopt violent methods themselves. Substance abuse has been associated with violence on both the individual and social levels. Although firearm availability alone does not cause violence, it may be a facilitating factor. Furthermore, some areas contain an independent subculture of violence in which a potent theme of violence influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and interpersonal relationships. Some nations have cultures that support relatively high violence rates.
Define rape and be familiar with why men commit rape.
The common-law definition of rape is "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will." One explanation for rape focuses on the evolutionary, biological aspects of the male sexual drive. Some researchers argue that rape is a function of socialization. Rapists may suffer from some type of personality disorder or mental illness. Men may learn to commit rapes much as they learn any other behavior. Rape arises primarily from a desire to inflict pain and humiliation, but there is evidence that at least some rapists have sexual feelings for their victim.
Discuss the issues involving rape and the law.
Proving guilt in a rape case is extremely challenging for prosecutors. It is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give voluntary consent to her attacker. Shield laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case have become universal.
Analyze the different types of murder.
First-degree murder occurs when a person kills another after premeditation and deliberation. Second-degree murder is the charge when the killer had malice aforethought but not premeditation or deliberation. Voluntary or nonnegligent manslaughter is a killing committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence. Involuntary or negligent manslaughter is a killing that occurs when a person's acts are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others. Serial killers murder three or more persons in three or more separate events. Mass murder involves the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event. Spree killers engage in a rampage of violence over a period of days or weeks.
Explain the nature and patterns of robbery.
The common-law definition of robbery is "the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear." Some robbers are opportunists looking for ready cash; others are professionals who have a long-term commitment to crime. The typical armed robber is a rational decision maker. Many robbers choose victims who themselves are involved in illegal behavior, most often drug dealers. Female armed robbers are likely to choose female targets, reasoning that women will be more vulnerable and offer less resistance.
Discuss newly emerging forms of violence, such as stalking, hate crimes, and workplace violence.
Hate crimes, or bias crimes, are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a particular group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic. Workplace violence is now considered the second leading cause of occupational injury or death. Stalking can be defined as conduct that is directed at a specific person and involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, and/or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person.
Factors that predict Hate Crimes
Poor or uncertain economic conditions
Racial stereotypes in films and on television
Hate-filled discourse on talk shows or in political advertisements
The use of racial code language, such as "welfare mothers" and "inner-city thugs"
An individual's personal experiences with members of particular minority groups
Scapegoating�blaming a minority group for the misfortunes of society as a whole
Factors that Predict Spousal Abuse
Presence of alcohol
Access to weapons
Blended family
Estrangement
Hostility toward dependency. Some spouses who appear docile and passive may resent their dependence on their partners and react with rage and violence; this reaction has been linked to sexual inadequacy.
Excessive brooding
Social learning
Socioeconomic factors. Men who fail as providers and are under economic stress may take their frustrations out on their wives.
Flashes of anger. Research shows that a significant amount of family violence results from a sudden burst of anger after a verbal dispute.
Military service. Spousal abuse among men who have served in the military is extremely high.
violence promoted by military training and the close proximity in which military families live to one another.
Having been battered as children
Unpredictability