conflict
________ theories suggest that crime is the result of class struggle.
the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them
Merton's strain theory stresses ________.
control
Which of the following is NOT one of Miller's focal concerns?
denying injury
A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really got hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing the ________ technique of neutralization.
secondary
________ culture conflict occurs when smaller cultures within the primary one clash.
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
The concentric zone model was applied to the study of juvenile delinquency by whom?
conformity
According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals?
3; 25
3; 50
5; 50
5; 75
Sherman's research found that ________ percent of places in Minneapolis generated ________ percent of all calls to the police.
social disenfranchisement
Social structure theories see ________ as a fundamental cause of crime.
Conduct norms
________ are expectations for human behavior within a social group.
Chicago
Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of criminology.
inconsistencies in the ability to achieve the American Dream
According to relative deprivation theory, ________ can be blamed for most crime.
ecology
The social pathology model was used by early social ________ theorists.
social process
________ theories suggest that crime is the end product of factors such as inappropriate socialization and social learning.
Robert K. Merton
The classic statement of strain theory was developed by ________.
self-control
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is
a product of the social environment.
According to learning theory, criminal behavior is
Travis Hirschi
Social bond theory was popularized by
crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity.
Social bond theory postulates that
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
The general theory of crime was proposed by
created by society
According to Becker, deviance is
True
TRUE OR FALSE: According to differential association, the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
There is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior.
According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior?
inner
__________ containment to be far more effective in preventing crime.
strain theory
Which of the following theories is not a social process theory?
Howard Kaplan
The theory of delinquency that emphasizes self-esteem was developed by
learned in interaction with others
According to social process theories, criminal behavior is
False
According to Sutherland, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior.
Edwin Sutherland.
Differential association theory was developed by
Charles R. Tittle
Control balance theory was proposed by
Radical; critical
__________ criminology consists of a proactive call for change in the social conditions leading to crime, whereas __________ criminology is a way of critiquing social relationships leading to crime.
radical
__________ feminism sees men as controlling the law and women defined as subjects.
authority
Ralf Dahrendorf suggested that class conflicts arose over power and
Victim retribution
Which of the following is not a component of the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model?
An emphasis on increasing funding for the construction of new prisons
Which of the following probably would not be expected of a modern radical criminologist?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The conflict perspective suggests that social groups hold to similar definitions of right and wrong.
Elliott Currie.
The view that market societies breed high levels of violent crime was proposed by
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The conflict perspective sees laws as a tool of the disenfranchised.
Restorative
_________ justice is based on restoration rather than on punishment.
the exercise of political power.
socially significant differences.
None of these
According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on
True
TRUE OR FALSE: According to Karl Marx, there are two fundamental social classes within any capitalist society.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: According to Willem Bonger, in capitalist societies, individuals who have power are routinely subject to the criminal law.
a natural consequence of intergroup struggles over control.
Austin Turk and many other conflict criminologists see crime as
communism
According to Marx and Engels, __________ would inevitably replace capitalism.
Constitutive
Peacemaking
Anarchic
_________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.