Jeremy Bentham's __________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.
hedonisitic calculus
The Panopticon was designed by
Jeremy Bentham
According to Cesare Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be
deterrence
Classical theories have been criticized for being less a theory of crime causation than a philosophy of
justice
The concept of the social contract was developed by
Thomas Hobbes
According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to
deter an offender from future criminal involvement
An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a ________ of his or her social group.
folkway
___________ mandates a fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category.
determinate sentencing
A law that mandated a harsher sentence for a career criminal than a first time offender, even though both have committed the same crime, would be an example of
selective incapacitation
According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is
both deterrence and retribution
________ focuses on preventing a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.
specific deterrence
The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to
John Locke
The present-day debate over abortion is an example of a current use of
natural law
Rational choice theories have been criticized for
an overemphasis on individual choice
Classical and neoclassical theories have been criticized for lacking an explanation of
criminal motivation
Situational choice theory is an example of
soft determinism
Early Roman law derived from the
twelve tables
The Code of Hammurabi emphasized which of the following goals of punishment?
Retribution
Which of the following crime prevention techniques would best meet the objective of reducing the rewards of crime?
engraving identification codes on personal property to facilitate the identification of stolen property
David Fogel's justice model is based on the idea that
offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make
Advocates of capital punishment question
whether the death penalty is fairly imposed
The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to
the exercise of free will
_______ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions.
Common law
In routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a
capable guardian
Positivism is based on an acceptance of
hard determinism
Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"?
XYY
The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality is called
criminal anthropology
How does research in suggest diet affects behavior among prison inmates?
good nutrition reduces antisocial behavior among prison inmates
An offender convicted of __________ is most likely to have a low level of serotonin in the brain.
a crime of passion
Research suggests that high dietary intake of ________ by pregnant women may be related to higher IQ levels among children.
omega-3 fatty acids
Prefrontal cortex problems may predispose someone to criminality.
TRUE
Which of the following factors probably does not activate chemical switches that regulate gene expression?
economic conditions
According to William Sheldon, _______ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.
mesomorphs
A positivist would be most likely to argue in favor of
social determinism
The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the complete sequence of
DNA
The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by
the social environment
What is the impact of sugar on behavior?
no answer text provided
Konrad Lorenz' greatest contribution to the study of human behavior was
his claim that all human behavior is to some degree adapted instinctive behavior
Freda Adler proposed that
as women entered nontraditional roles and occupations, their involvement in crime would become closer to that of men
Which of the following would be most characteristic of a contemporary biological theorist?
a focus on diet and environmental contaminants as a way of explaining behavior
Biological theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except
psychology
_________ theories explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, genetics, or external physical characteristics.
constitutional
Phrenology focused on
the correspondence of the shape of the skull to the shape of the underlying brain
Which of the following foods has not been implicated in the production of criminal violence or antisocial behavior?
all of the above may possibly trigger antisocial behavior or criminal violence
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to injury or experience.
TRUE
Biological theory states that the basic determinants of human behavior are __________ based.
constitutionally
When would you expect the relationship between temperature and assaults to be the strongest?
11 p.m.
Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a biological criminologist?
individual free will is linked to variations in crime rates
Which of the following research results would provide the strongest evidence for the belief that criminal behavior has a genetic component?
a larger percentage of MZ twin pairs display the same degree of criminality
Once inherited, criminal genes inevitably produce antisocial behavior.
FALSE
According to positivism, how is valid knowledge acquired?
observation
Biological theories tend to focus on _________ as the major determinant in controlling human behavior.
the brain
Which of the following physical feature would not be an appropriate indicator of atavism?
prominent tattoos
Childhood maltreatment appears to be a universal risk factor for antisocial behavior.
TRUE
The myth of the __________ holds that human nature is essentially good.
noble savage
Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement?
selective human breeding
Biosocial perspectives are theories of
criminality
The myth of the ___________ holds that the human mind has no innate traits.
blank slate
Which theoretical paradigm was developed by Edward O. Wilson?
sociobiology
Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?
forced sterilization of convicted offenders
The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized _________ as the primary source of criminality.
genetics
According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor?
criminaloids
What have researchers found about the effect of deficient MAOA activity on children?
deficient MAOA activity may predispose maltreated children to adult violence
___________ argues that the propensity for crime commission evolved as part of the male reproductive strategy and a particular neurochemistry characteristic of males increases the probability of male criminality.
evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory
Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types?
endomorphs
Which of the following brain mechanisms may be involved in aggression?
all of the above
Genes ___________ human action.
enable
Which of the following was not listed by Wilson and Herrnstein as contributing to crime?
brain structure
The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is
temperature
What is the effect of stress on brain structure?
long-term exposure to high-level stress can reduce cognition
Studies focusing on inherited mental degeneration led to the development of _________ criminology.
eugenic
Genes cause human action
FALSE
Biological theories assumes that human behavior is rooted in instinctive behavioral responses such as
territoriality
The level of exposure to lead appears to be a reliable predictor of all but which of the following?
the seriousness of adult offenses
According to Konrad Lorenz, much of what we call "crime" is the result of
overcrowded living conditions