The academic discipline of criminology that uses scientific methods to study the __________ of criminal behavior
Nature extent cause and control
Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study, Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?
Understanding and describing criminal behavior
Cesare Becaaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as criminology.
Classical
Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?
Classical Criminology
Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as
Socialization
A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined
Prohibited, and punished under criminal law
Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?
The consensus view of crmie
The _______ ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.
Chicago School
In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, the head of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize marijuana which had been legal until that time. Which concept of crime does Anslinger's moral crusade reflect?
The interactionist view of crime
Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation?
The conflict view of crime
Male in se crimes such as murder and rape reflect which view of crime?
The Consensus view of crime
For the conflict, or interaction's view of crime, it is the ______ that defines crimes and their punishments
Written code
Which of the following offenses would be classified as a felony?
Burglary
Which of the following offenses would be classified as a misdemeanor?
Petty theft
Police assume which role in the criminal justice system?
Apprehending suspects
Approximately how many people are arrested each year for serious felony offenses?
2 million
The treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior is
Rehabilitation
___________ is the study of the victim's role in criminal events
Victimization
The mid-eighteenth century belief stressing that the relationship between crime and punishment should be balanced and fair can be traced to Cesare Beccaria.
True
Biological/psychologists are an academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
False, mainly study internal causes/genetics
Use of the scientific method to conduct research in an objective, universal, and cultre free fashion is an element of classical criminology.
False, Positivist
Critical criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior.
True
A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed by lawmakers as socially harmful or dangerous.
False, a deviant act becomes a crime.
According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
True
The distinction between whether a crime is classified as a felony or misdemeanor is based upon the age of the individual committing the crime.
False, based upon the seriousness of the crime. Age is an important factor to consider only when the offender is a minor.
Deviant behavior:
Actions that depart from the social norm
Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating valid and reliable measures of criminal behavior:
Analyze, Measure, Identify and Test
Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide -is a landmark analysis of the nature of homicide between victim and offender
He discovered that victims cause or participated in the violent confrontation that led to their deaths, spawning the term victim precipitated homicide.
Edwin Sutherland's analysis of business related offenses also helped coin new phrases:
White collar crimes to describe economic crime activities of affluent or wealthy.
Capital punishment
The execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty
There were two people on death row for non-murder offenses
Patrick Kennedy and Richard Davis in Louisiana. Kennedy was convicted of raping his step-daughter. Convicted in 2003, Louisiana law struck down on June 25, 2008. Kennedy v. Louisiana
Victimology includes the following areas of interst:
Victim survey, victimization risk, victim culpability, and crime victims
Elements of Positivism:
Scientific Method- used to conduct research in an objective, universal and culture free environment
Cesare Lombroso
Father of Criminology, Lombroso was convinced that serious and and violent offenders were born criminals
Karl Marx
Writings had a great impact on critical criminology - which faulted the economic system for producing the conditions that led to high crime rates
Structural perspective:
Crime rates are functions of ecological forces such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict
Biological/psychological perspective:
Accounts for internal forces of crime - which crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits
When do situations reflect an act of deviance as opposed to a crime?
When a passerby who observes a person drowning and does not offer aid? Deviance
Harry Anslinger's moral crusade on marijuana reflects which view of criminology?
Interactionist view
Consensus view of crime:
Crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless
Mal in se crimes such as murder and rape reflect the:
Consensus view of crime
Sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation.
Conflict view of crime
Mala prohibitum or statutory crimes:
Crimes defined by parliament which reflected existing social conditions
British rule were subject to common law (early English law)
America's legal system is a direct descendant of British common law
Felonies are serious offenses that include:
Murder, Rape and Burglary
Misdemeanors are minor or petty crimes that include:
Unarmed assault, battery, petty larceny, and disturbing the peace
Criminal justice refers to the study of the agencies of social control:
Police, courts and corrections
The criminal justice system consists of agencies of government charged with:
Enforcing the law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal conduct
The decision points of the criminal justice system(order of their occurrence)
Custody, Arraignment(Enters plea, formal charges read), Adjudication (Trial), and Disposition
Hung Jury:
When a jury fails to reach a decision about a trial
Definitions to know:
Deviant behavior, rehabilitation, crime, preliminary hearing, arrest, valid, victimology, criminal law, booking