fear of punishment
Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by ______.
Cesare Beccaria
Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by _______.
marginal deterrence
If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime. This is known as ______.
The criminal perceives the crime too risky
According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit a crime?
Criminal solutions require much effort but hold the promise of a huge payoff
The basic elements of classical criminology do not include which of the following ideas?
seductions of crime
Situational inducements, such as the thrill of relieving stress, which directly precede the commission of a crime, and draw offenders into law violations are called ______.
personal and situational factors
According to the rational choice approach, law-violating behavior occurs when an offender decides to commit the crime after considering what two types of factors?
offense specific
Offenders may react selectively to the characteristics of particular offenses. For instance, the decision to commit a burglary may involve evaluating the target's likely cash yeild and the presence of dogs and escape routes. This crime would then be consi
offender specific
The view that criminals evaluate their skills and needs prior to engaging in a crime is called _______.
edgework
Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill, is for some, seduciton of crime and is referred to as _______.
defensible space
Well-lit housing prjects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman's concept of _______ which suggests crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.
crime discouragers
Guardians who monitor targets, handlers who monitor potential offenders, and managers who monitor places are ______. who have varying levels of responsibility and research indicates they impact crime rates.
Discouragement
______ occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular lacale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations.
extinction
Crime reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits then dissipate as criminal adjust to new conditions. This phenomenon is known as ______.
general deterrence
According to ______, crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of punishment
decline
According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sancitioning could be increased, crime rates should ________.
certainty
The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). of these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that the ____ of punishent seems to have the strongest ipact.
The face punihsment soon after their apprehension
Crime persists because most offenders believe all but which of the following?
incapacitation effect
The view that proposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as ______.
just desert
The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is termed _______.
Lombroso
The theorist associated with the "born criminal" and biological determinism is?
how social behvioars are learned and percieved
Sociobiology differs from earlier theories v