According to Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, what ratio determines whether a person embraces crime as an acceptable way of life?
The ration of conventional to criminal definitions
According to Sutherland, differential associations may very in (blank), or how often one interacts with a conventional or criminal associate.
Frequency
Akers Social Learning Theory extended Sutherland's Differential Association Theory by incorporating:
Behaviorism
According to Akers Social Learning Theory, the element of "Differential Reinforcement" views all behavior, criminal and conventional, as a product of:
A schedule of reinforcements or punishments
In Akers Social Learning Theory, the element of "Definitions" refers to:
One's own definitions that are favorable or unfavorable to crime
Which underlying assumption about human nature is the foundation of anomie and strain theories of crime like Merton's Classic Anomie-Strain Theory?
Humans are inherently pro-social
Which is
NOT
one of Merton's Modes of Individual Adaptation in Classic Anomie-Strain Theory?
Abandonment
According to Merton's Classic Anomie-Strain Theory, most crime results when an individual:
Accepts cultural goals and rejects institutionalized means.
According to Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional-Anomie Theory, the "American Dream" serves as a powerful cultural force that generates anomie and by extension, crime by motivating an insatiable pursuit (or fetishism) of:
Money
Which is
NOT
one of Agnew's three types of strain in his General Strain Theory?
Strain as a result of the presence of a lingering dread.
Explain what Durkheim meant by "Anomie.
In societies or individuals, a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals.
NORMLESSNESS
In Social Learning Theory, Akers claims that reinforcement can be both "social" and "nonsocial". What are the differences?
Social: Imitation of the behavior of admired models depends upon the observed consequences of the behavior. Criminal behavior will be repeated if reinforcement of definitions is not offset by negative formal and informal sanction and definitions
Non Socia
Both Sutherland's Differential Association Theory and Akers Social Learning Theory make an assumption of human nature that centers on Rousseau's "Tabula Rasa". What is the "tabula rasa" and, according to this assumption, where does individual criminal pro
Tabula Rasa means clean slate.
Criminal propensity comes from learned communication in intimate groups.
Which theory is essential a critique of capitalism? According to this theory, what institution/sphere of influence disproportionately dominates American culture? Give an example of how this sphere might penetrate other devalued institutions and force them
The Classic Anomie-Strain Theory. This theory explains why lower class people are more likely to engage in deviant activities. The economic sphere because:
1. Non-economic institutions are devalued.
2. Non-economic institutions accommodate the needs of th
According to Agnew's General Strain Theory, how does strain indirectly cause crime and delinquency?
Strain causes negative emotion that leads to anxiety, anger, depression, etc and if there is an absence of legitimate coping mechanisms, this causes delinquency.
STRAIN--> AFFECT--> COPING MECHANISMS = DELINQUENCY
According to the research cited in your textbook, which of the following elements of rational punishment in Beccaria's Deterrence Theory has the strongest deterrent effect:
Certainty of punishment
In Beccaria's Deterrence Theory, the "celerity" of punishment refers to:
How swift punishment must be.
Beccaria's Deterrence Theory argues for strong formal social control. An example of an agent of formal social control would be:
The local police department.
In Lombroso's taxonomy of criminal types, he assumed that the purest example of the true criminal was what he identified as the:
born criminal.
According to the lecture, the negative policy implications of early biological positivism include all of the following EXCEPT:
Public executions.
The original version of Social Disorganization Theory developed by Shaw and Mckay drew heavily from:
Concentric Zone Theory and Human Ecology.
According to Shaw and McKay, most of the crime in early 19th century Chicago happened in:
the zone of transition
Which underlying assumption about human nature is the foundation of control theories of crime lie Sampson's restatement of Social Disorganization Theory?
Humans are inherently set-intereset and anti-social.
According to Sampson's restatement of Social Disorganization Theory, the set of interlocking structural conditions that deepen the communal criminality of the "truly disadvantaged" is called
Concentrated disadvantage.
The United States legal system is primarily based upon the ideas of:
Deterrence Theory.
According to Beccaria's Deterrence Theory, "All men rationally and freely choose to engage in the social contract." Briefly explain what the "social Contract" is and how it relates to "free will"?
The social contract is what holds society together. An unspoken contract between citizens and the collective. The collective protects the "common good"
As citizens, we are obligated to give up some self interest in exchange for expected protection of life
Deterrence is the strategy of preventing crime through the threat of punishment. What is the difference between deterrence that is "specific" and deterrence that is "general"?
Specific deterrence: Punishment of a criminal
General deterrence: Showing the criminal as an example to keep the public in check.
Explain briefly what Lombroso meant when he described criminal behavior as an "atavism". What did he assume caused crime and how did he assume "stigmatas" could be used to identify criminals?
Atavism: Throwback to an earlier stage of human evolution.
Stigmata's: asymmetry of the face.
Biological positivity was scientific and concentrated on the measurable characteristics of the individual criminal.
What is a "tautology"? Briefly explain how the original version of Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory was a tautology.
Tautology: a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words.
Social Disorganization indirectly causes crime. We assume that humans are inherently self interested. The role of society is to informally deter our innate anti-so
According to Sampson, what is "collective efficacy"? How does Sampson use it in his restatement of Social Disorganization Theory to explain how social disorganization in a community leads to higher communal crime rates?
Collective efficacy: social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. Low collective efficacy causes higher neighborhood crime rates.
Theories that assume that we are all motivated by self interest:
WE ARE INHERENTLY ANTI-SOCIAL"
-Free Will (classical theories)
-deterrence theory
Social Disorganization theory
Collective Efficacy
Social Bond Theory
Self-control theory
Theories that assume that society has to "fail us" in order to cause crime/delinquency:
WE ARE INHERENTLY PROSOCIAL"
Social Positivistic theories
-Classic Anomie-Strain theory
-General Strain Theory
-Institutional anomie theory
Theories that assume that we are the sum of our social associations:
WE ARE INHERENTLY NOTHING"
Social Positivistic Theories:
Differential association theory
Social learning theory