The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is:
social bond theory
when a rapist does not want to harm his/her victim as much as he/she wants to possess him/her sexually
power rape
when the rapist is bound up in ritual: tormenting their victim, binding him/her, or torturing him/her
sadistic rape
what does developmental theory research specifically related to the General Theory of Crime show to be the key factor in terms of early onset of criminality
poor parental discipline
_________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior
Criminology
the branch of conflict theory that focuses upon the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and believes street criminals prey on the poor thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class i
left realism
what is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims
stress and anxiety felt by child victims peeks in adolescences and end by the time the reaches adulthood
Individuals who repeatedly experience victimization are termed:
chronic victims
According to his vision of social positivism, which theorist felt that crime is normal because it is virtually impossible to imagine a society in which some form of criminal behavior is totally absent
Emile Durkheim
the pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and violence is known as
overt pathway
people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. This is part of:
social reaction theory
According to life course theory the life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime is:
marriage and career
a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone over the life course
latent trait
a theory that suggests people have a free will to choose criminal or unlawful solutions to meet their needs or settle their problems
classical criminology
under this view of law, groups able to assess their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social position. Criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots
conflict
According to the NCVS, reported victimizations have
declined significantly over the past 30 years
according to the UCR, violent crimes in the US have
decreased more than 20% between 1995-2005
The phrase "ecology of crime" refers to such factors as
race and ethnicity
situational crime prevention that intends to reduce criminal opportunity is not without its problems. When crime reduction programs re-direct offenders to alternative targets, is termed
crime displacement
social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban enviornment
age and ethnic differences
cohesion among neighborhood residents (community cohesion) combined with shared expectations for informal social control of public space promotes:
collective efficacy
Merton's anomie theory of criminal behavior stresses
the idea of American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means for obtaining them
_________ are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amount of violent crime as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society
expressive crimes
which explanation might account for the variance between male and female crime rates
all of the above, females are more likely than males to negotiate, react in depression or shame, be less violent
Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are known as
instrumental violence
the violentization process that links violence to early experience with child abuse. Which is the Proper ordering
brutalization stage, belligerency stage, violent performance stage, virulency stage
most offenders antisocial behavior peaks during the adolescence and then diminishes as they mature around age 18. the offenders are known as
adolescent limited
the fact that some peoples activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become "opportunities" for the criminal offenders is the basis of what theory of victimization
lifestyle theory
rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as
counseling and probation
according to Cressey, embezzlement is often caused by a/are
nonsharable financial problem
the branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as
developmental criminology
life events that enable adults offenders to desist from crime are known as
turning points
Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by:
fear of punishment
which of the following is not a crime prevention strategy used today by rational choice theorist
increasing the risks for committing crime
some people may actually initiate the confrontation that leads to their injury or death. this is termed:
victim precipitation theory
when victims act provocatively, use threats, or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:
active precipitation
which of the following methods does the UCR use to express crime data
all of the above, per 100,000, number of crimes reported to police and arrests made, changes of crime rates over time
the psychodynamic model of criminal offender depicts and aggressive, frustrated persons determined by events that occurred:
during early childhood
a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, early sex, early pregnancy, poor education, suicide, unemployment
problem behavior syndrome
within Marxist thought, owners of the means of production
capitalist bourgeoisie
what are the three branches of of social structure theory
social disorganization, strain theory, cultural deviance
according to social reaction theory, schools contribute to criminality when they
label problem youth
It has been argued that declining levels of what hormone cause aging-out process
testosterone
the writings of Beccaria and his followers form the core of what today is referred to as
classical criminology
the view held by Marx, that the laboring class produces goods that exceed wages in value is known as:
surplus value
a socially disorganized area is one in which ______ have broken down and can no longer carry out stated functions
institutions of social control
the theory which holds ones inability to achieve personal goals by legitimate means
strain theory
the view, according to Robert Agnew, that individuals who feel stress are more likely commit crimes are called:
general strain theory
the bio social theorist believe human behavior is produced by
physical, environmental, and social factors
those unable to obtain desired goals and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities these activities are known as
instrumental crimes
according to latent trait theory, while the propensity of the crime may remain stable, the ______ to commit the crime may fluctuate over time
opportunity
what is known about age of onset and the continuity of crime
all of the above
godferston and hirschi in their general theory of crime trace the root of the cause of poor self-control to inadequate
child rearing practices
which age group experiences the most violent crime
12-24
conflict theorists believe that this occurs when people thrust outside of the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conductive to crime
marginalization
criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime "had it coming
denial of the victim
skytes and montaz base thir neutralization theory on a variety of observations about criminals. among these observations is:
criminals hope to pleas bargain based upon dispelling their responsibility for their offenses