Criminology Final

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's theory of differential association?

It argues that people become criminal when there is an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.

Sutherland indicates that differential associations may vary in:

Frequency, duration, priority and intensity.

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

Differential Association.

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as:

Indirect Punishment.

According to Akers's social learning theory, which of the following is true?

Differential associations affect and are affected by deviant acts.

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

All four social learning variables have been shown to be related to various forms of deviant behavior.

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Certain groups have values conducive to crime, so crime will be highest in areas with such groups.

Which criminologist argued that higher rates of crime are found in lower-class areas because members of the lower class have a culture that values trouble, toughness, smartness and excitement?

Miller.

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Street families often have superficial and sporadic family relationships.

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Respect.

Which of the following is true about girls and the street code, according to Anderson's work?

Girls in inner-city areas with a street code have developed their own sense of honor/status, based on things like beauty and boyfriends.

Anomie theories focus on explaining which of the following?

Why some societies have higher rates of crime than others.

In American society, crime is high, because the inability of large numbers of people to reach the goal of success causes norms to lose their power to regulate or control people's behaviors. People feel free to do whatever they want to reach their goals.

Anomie.

Which theory argues that the American Dream causes crime by placing such emphasis on money and economic achievement that it weakens the American family's ability to informally control delinquent behavior?

Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory.

John got into a fight because of all the strain he was feeling after he lost his job and his girlfriend broke up with him." What type of strain would Agnew say this is?

The removal of positively valued stimuli.

Robert Merton believed that the United States has such a high crime rate because:

In the United States, there was a disjunction or gap between what many people were led to want�economic success�and what they had the means to achieve.

According to Agnew's general strain theory, which of the following is true?

When under strain, people who feel anger are more likely to commit crime.

What is the concept that Agnew uses to describe events and conditions that are generally disliked by most people?

Objective strains.

According to Agnew's strain theory, which of the following is true?

Crime is especially likely when an individual experiences multiple strains close together in time.

Suppose a researcher finds the following: Delinquency is higher among individuals experiencing a variety of negative life events and various relational problems. Which theory is most supported by such findings?

Agnew's general strain theory.

Suppose a researcher finds the following: Rates of crime are lower in countries with stronger families, schools and political systems? Which theory is most supported by such findings?

Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory.

According to Sykes an Matza, techniques of neutralization help us understand an individual's:

Drift into delinquency without fully embracing delinquent values.

In contrast to other theories, what question do control theories seek to answer?

Why don't people commit crime?

Even though I wanted to, I didn't take drugs because I knew that my parents 'would kill me' and that I would disappoint them. So, even though I was out with my friends, I told my friends that I just wasn't interested in getting high." Which of Travis Hir

Attachment.

Which technique of neutralization would apply to this statement: "It's okay to 'rip off' (copy) computer software because Microsoft is so rich that it will never miss the money if I don't pay for their software.

Denial of injury.

Which of the following statements about Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory is true?

Self-control explains why people who have conduct problems in childhood often also later engage in delinquency and then in adult crime.

Mary did not seal the money because she was a straight-A student and has a bright future ahead of herself. If she broke the law, she might lose everything she had worked for." Which theory would best describe this statement?

Social Bond theory.

Gottfredson and Hirschi's key theoretical concept is which of the following?

Self-control.

Which of the following is true about control theories?

It is human nature for people to break the law.

According to the labeling theory, ____ involves offending that is not punished and/or has little long-term influence on or consequences for the actor.

Primary deviance.

The idea that only certain law violators are detected and designated as "criminal" is consistent with which theory?

labeling theory.

In his theory of reintegrative shaming, Braithwaite argues:

Stigmatizing and rejecting offenders will cause them to become more criminal.

What role do criminal subcultures play in Braithwaite's theory of shaming?

They provide systematic social support for crime.

Tannenbaum's work in the labeling tradition is noted for which concept?

Dramatization of evil.

What are the four key concepts that affect defiance, according to Sherman?

Legitimacy, social bonds, shame, pride.

If there is a net incrase in the prevalence of offending across a collective based upon the reaction of the collective to the punishment of one of its members, which of the following has occurred, according to defiance theory?

General Defiance.

Which of the following is true regarding research on the effectiveness of restorative justice?

Victims of crime appear more satisfied with restorative justice in comparison to traditional criminal justice.

The idea that police brutality, in particular, might just lead to further crime is best explained by which concept/theory?

Defiance theory.

In the film, American History X, the main character is given many definitions of hate. These definitions of hate are an example of:

Social Learning Theory.

Coach Carter is under the assumption that all of the boys on his basketball team have the potential to become criminal. By having them work on their academics before they play basketball he is using what theoretical framework to prevent crime?

Control Theory.

Critical/radical/conflict criminologists would argue that the U.S. has a high crime rate because:

Compared with other Western industrial nations, the U.S. has a high degree of economic inequality between the rich and the poor.

According to Elliott Currie, the U.S. has what form of economy?

Contingent capitalism

According to Currie, which of the following conditions most breeds crime?

A market society.

From Currie's perspective, what is a solution to crime in the U.S.?

Financing healthcare, childcare, and job training.

Critical criminology came into prominence in which period?

Late 1960s to early 1970s.

Restorative justice as a solution to crime is most consistent with the perspective of which of the following theories?

Quinney's peacemaking criminology.

Which of the following is true of Quinney's peacemaking perspective?

Salvation of society depends on the moral and spiritual health of individuals.

Upon whose work was critical criminology developed?

Karl Marx.

Feminist criminology began to rise in which decade?

1970s.

Which of the following was true before the rise of feminist criminology?

The social experience of gender was given little or no importance.

Which of the following is true about liberal feminism?

It highlights the role of sex-role socialization in understanding gender patterns in crime.

According to radical feminist scholars, patriarchy in the U.S. is the reason why:

The rape and battering of women is widespread.

Which of the following was associated with Women's Rights Movement, according to Freda Adler's "liberation thesis?

Social equality caused women to commit more crime and to commit crimes that previously were committed mostly by men.

Which of the following is argued by Chesney-Lind in A Feminist Theory of Female Delinquency?

Sexual victimization of girls is a major reason behind female offending.

According to James Messerschmidt, men commit crime mainly:

As a way of demonstrating their masculinity.

Which of the following is consistent with Heimer and De Coster's suggestions about how the social structure conditions the effects of parental controls of violent definitions?

Youths from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to experience coercive control, thus increasing violent definitions.

According to Masculinities and Crime:

Men portray the ideal of hegemonic masculinity differently, depending on social position.

According to Messerschmidt, which of the following groups of boys is most at risk for displaying masculinity through hate crime?

White, working-class boys.

According to Messerschmidt, which of the following groups of boys is most likely to accomplish masculinity by achieving academically and/or occupying high social status at school?

White, middle-class boys.

In which of the following ways was Messerschmidt critical of feminist criminological theory?

He suggested that feminist theory neglected variation among men.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding Steffenmeier and Allen's gendered theory?

It uses an integrative approach, drawing upon a number of traditional and feminist perspectives to account for gender differences in crime.

According to Steffensmeier and Allan's discussion of the differences in the context of spousal murders among women versus men, spousal murders committed by women are more likely to involve:

A prolonged period of abuse (with the murder victim as the perpetrator of the abuse.

According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, who among the following is least likely to be a crime victim?

Someone who is married and has children.

According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, which of the following is least likely to be stolen?

refrigerator.

According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, why have women become more victimized by crime in the past few decades?

Women are more likely to be away from home by themselves, such as going to work, going to college, and going out to bars.

Cohen and Felson argued that three factors were needed for a crime to occur. Which of the following did they not include as one of the three factors?

Social learning.

According to Cohen et al.'s groundbreaking research in which they developed routine activities theory:

crime increased starting in 1960 while, at the same time, the percentage of households unoccupied during the daytime increased.

Broken windows theory is useful in explaining how neighborhoods can experience a downward spiral, whereby ____ can eventually lead to serious crime, if left unattended.

Disorder/ incivility.

Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory has been supported in that, after WWII, there was a(n):

Increase in daytime residential burglaries.

According to offender search theory:

Offenders are likely to commit crimes near the nodes and routes that comprise their everyday activities because that is thought to be easiest and least risky.

According to situational crime prevention, a key to reducing crime is:

Reducing physical opportunities.

Which of the following is true of traditional criminological theories in comparison to developmental theories?

Developmental theories rely upon longitudinal analyses, whereas traditional theories were largely examined with cross-sectional data.

Which of the following would Moffitt argue is the most important cause of a person becoming a "life-course persistent" offender?

Neuropsychological deficits that evoke poor early parenting and cause youth to have difficulty in other social settings.

Glueck and Glueck concluded:

Biological and psychological factors, as opposed to social factors, were the most important causal factors in delinquency.

Which of the following is true about Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime?

Self control explains why people who have conduct problems in childhood also later engage in delinquency and then in adult crime.

In her theory of delinquency in the life course, Terri Moffitt argues that:

Most youth commit delinquent acts during their adolescent years and then stop or 'desist" from offending.

Which of the following categories is most appropriate for Moffitt's theory of delinquency in the life course?

Theories of continuity or change.

According to Moffitt, which is true of the adolescent period?

Both LCPs and ALs are committing crimes.

According to Moffitt, ALs:

Are more prevalent and more likely to desist than LCPs.

In their life course theory, Sampson and Laub argue that:

Being in a quality marriage or having a stable job can be a transition out of a life of crime.

Which of the following categories is most appropriate for Sampson and Laub's life course theory?

Theories of continuity and change.

In comparing Sampson and Laub's life course theory with that of Giordano et al., desistance might result from marriage according to both. However, according to Sampson and Laub, the marriage presents ____, whereas for Giordano et al., the marriage allows

Social control; a cognitive transformation.